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they stand too thick, to the places where they hare failed. 

 They should stand about a foot apart in the rows. During 

 the ensuing spring, the cultivation is repeated, and earth 

 is drawn up to the plants, but without burying the 

 heart. They soon begin to push up their stems, and are 

 fit to be cut in July, just when the blossom has fallen. 

 As they do not come to proper maturity at the same time, 

 several successive gatherings are made. They are cut 

 with a sharp knife about nine inches below the head, and 

 tied in small bundles or handfuls : thick gloves are very 

 necessary in this operation. They must be carried under 

 cover before night, as the rains or heavy dews would injure 

 them. When the sun shines, they are exposed to diy in 

 the same manner as is done with onion seed, and they are 

 never packed close until they are perfectly dry. Avhen 

 drying they are usually hung on poles ; so that the air may 

 circulate between the bundles. The bundles are after- 

 wards opened, and the teazles sorted into kings, mid- 

 dlings and scrubs, according to their size ; 9000 kings or 

 20,000 middlings make a pack. The scrubs or refuse are 

 of little value : sometimes the grower places a certain 

 number in a flat bundle by means of cleft sticks, in which 

 the stems are held and the heads spread out like a fan. 

 In this state they are not only more easily packed, but 

 more readily fixed to the circumference of the drum, on 

 which they form a continuous card, which bnishes the 

 cloth as it "is drawn along while the drum revolves. 



Teazles are a very precarious crop ; sometimes they pro- 

 duce a very great profit, and at other times a serious loss. 

 Care and cultivation lessen the chances of failure greatly : 

 but the price also fluctuates so much that it is an uncer- 

 tain speculation, resembling in this respect the cultivation 

 of hops. Hence it is undertaken by men who are pre- 

 pared for the event, and who make the profits of one year 

 repay the loss of another. 



Several attempts have been made to substitute artificial 

 teazles, formed of hooks of very fine and elastic steel wire ; 

 and at one time there was so much appearance of success, 

 as to cause the cultivation of teazles to be neglected : but 

 it was soon found that the wires tore the fine fibres of the 

 wool, especially where there were knots in the thread, 

 whereas the hooks of the teazles gave way, and either 

 bent or broke off before the fibre of the wool was injured. 

 The card made of natural teazles was found far superior to 

 the artificial substitutes, and for a time the price of teazles 

 rose to an extravagant height from their scarcity, while 

 some time before they were quite unsaleable. A quantity 

 of teazles which was sold at one time in Berkshire for 5/., 

 being thought perfectly useless, was taken into Gloucester- 

 -hire, and there produced the next year ISO/. The grower 

 'lead, and they were sold by his executors for what 

 they would fetch. This was exactly at a time when the 

 artificial cards were given up, and no teazles were to be 

 had. A good crop of teazles is about 10 or 12 packs on an 

 acre : this is sometimes exceeded, but more often it fails 

 by one-half, and a total failure is not uncommon. The 

 price may average six or seven pounds a pack, so that a 

 good crop is worth more than the land it trrew on. The 

 expenses, however, are great, and, taking all the chances, it 

 is a crop which, except in very particular situations and cir- 

 eumstances, is not suited to the regular fanner, who should 

 never speculate to any extent. 



Although teazles are said to exhaust the ground much, 

 yet from the continual stirring of the soil they render it very 

 fit to grow other crops, provided a proper quantity of 

 manure is used : thus very good crops of wheat have been 

 obtained after a crop of teazles. 



Every piece of fine broad-cloth requires from 1500 to 

 2000 teazles to bring out the proper nap, after which 

 they are useless, the hooks being mostly broken off or 

 worn out. This causes a considerable demand for them in 

 the neighbourhood of cloth manufactories, as in Wilts, 

 Gloucest ersliire, and Somersetshire. In the new tariff the 

 duty is */. per thousand, whether from foreign countries 

 or British possessions. 



BALDE'O or TIBALDE'O, ANTCCNIO, born at 

 Ferrara about 1463, studied medicine, but. afterwards de- 

 voted himself chiefly to literature and poetical composi- 

 tion, both Italian and Latin. The first edition of his Italian 

 poems appeared at Modena in 1498, by his cousin. Tampo 

 Tebaldeo, apparently unknown to the author, wh 

 vexed at ii he thought that his compositio: 



quired some final touches: ' Sonetti, Capitoli, e Rime, 



chiamate Opere d'Amore,' 4to., Modena, 1498, afterwards 

 reprinted several times at Milan, Venice, and other places. 

 In 1519 appeared at Milan another small poem of Tebal- 

 deo, with the title, ' Stanze nuove ad un Vecchio che non 

 amando in gioventu fu costretto ad amare in vecchiezza.' 

 A correct edition of Tebaldeo's works is however still 

 wanted. A selection from his pastoral poems has been 

 inserted in the collection entitled 'Poesie Pastorali e Rus- 

 ticali, raccolie ed illustrate con note dal Dottore Giulio 

 Ferrario,' Milan, 1808. Bembo and Giraldi, contempo- 

 raries of Tebaldeo, speak of his Italian poems with praise, 

 but they regret that they were too hastily published. 

 Tebaldeo afterwards applied himself to Latin poetry, in 

 which he acquired great reputation. He wae for a time 

 at the court of Mantua, and afterwards settled at Rome, 

 where he became a favourite ot Leo X., who speaks very 

 highly of him in some of his epistles, and is said to have 

 made him very liberal presents. After Leo's death Te- 

 baldeo fell into distress, and was obliged to borrow money 

 of Bembo and others. He died at Rome in 1537. A few 

 of his Latin epigrams and other small poems are in several 

 collections. 



(Tiraboschi, Storia della Letteratura Italiana; Zeno, 

 Note alia Biblioteca dell' Eloquenza Italiana del Fonta- 

 nini.) 



TECTIBRANCHIATA, Cuvier's name for his fourth 

 order of Gastropods, described by him as having the 

 branchiae attached along the right side, or on the back, in 

 form of leaves ffeuillets) more or less divided, but non- 

 symmetrical. The mantle covers them more or less, and 

 contains nearly always in its thickness a small shell. The 

 Tectibranchiata approach the PECTINIBRANCHIATA in 

 the form of the organs of respiration, and live, like them, 

 in the waters of the sea, but they are all hermaphro- 

 dites, like the NUDIBRANCHIATA and the Pulmoniferous 

 mollusks. 



The following genera are comprehended, by Cimer, 

 under this order : Pleurobranchus, Cuv. ; Pleurobran- 

 c/itea, Meckel (Pleurobranchidium, Bl.) ; Aplysia, Linn. ; 

 Dolabella, Lam. ; Notarchus, Cuv. ; BURSATEI.I.A, Bl. ; 

 Akera, Mull. ; Gaitropteron, Meckel; and I'm/ 

 Lam. 



Of these Pleurobranchus, Pleurobrancha-a, and Um- 

 brella are treated of in the article SEMIPHYLLIDIANS ; and 

 Akera or Arera, and Gastropteron or Gastroptera, under 

 the article BULLAD.S. Aptysiu or Laplysia (for Linnaeus 

 writes it both ways), Dolabella, and Notarchus therefore 

 remain to be noticed here. 



Aplysia. 



M. de Blainville thus defines the Aplysians (Aplysiacea) 

 the second family of his MONOPLEUROBRANCHIATA : 



Body not divided, or forming a single soft fleshy mass ; 

 four tentacular appendages always distinct, flattened, 

 auriform ; the mouth in the shape of a vertical slit, \\ith 

 two lateral subcorneous labial plates, and a cordiform 

 tongue beset with denticles ; eyes sessile between the two 

 pairs of tentacles ; the branchiae covered by a sort of 

 operculum ; orifices of the generative apparatus more or 

 less distant, and united together by an external furrow. 



Shell null or incomplete, constantly internal. 



M. Rang's definition is 



Animal not divided, furnished with four tentacles with 

 eyes at their anterior base, and sometimes with membranes 

 proper for swimming ; the branchiae in form of a plume, 

 in a dorsal cavity, protected most frequently by a free 

 operculum at the nght side, or simply by the approxi- 

 mated edges of the mantle ; organs of generation very 

 distant. 



Shell rudimentary or null. 



The following is Cuvier's description ot Aplysia : 



Edges of the foot raised into flexible crests and sur 

 rounding the back on all sides, being capable even of 

 being reflected upon it ; head carried on a neck more or 

 less long ; two upper tentacles hollowed like the ears of a 

 quadruped ; two others flattened at the edge of the lower 

 lip ; eyes below the first. On the back are the branchiae, 

 in form of very complicated leaves (feuillets), attached to a 

 large membranous pedicle, and covered by a small pedicle 

 equally membranous, which contains in its thickness a 

 horny and flat shell. The anus is pierced behind the 

 branch.!*, and is often hidden under the lateral crests. 

 The vulva is in front on the right, and the penis conies 

 out, under the right tentacle. A furrow, which extends 



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