TEL 



155 



TEL 



p. 260] is effected with the greatest ease, although it i.s 

 essential that the attendants at each terminus should know 

 not only when the train is ready to start from the opposite 

 end of the line, but also when the carriages at the five in- 

 termediate stations are ready. In stopping the trains the 

 precise information is required ; and it is of vital 

 importance in case' of any casualty to the rope or to any of 

 the carriages. It is perhaps not too much to say that the 

 mode of working adopted on this railway would be im- 

 i cable without the aid of the electric telegraph. 

 Some telegraphs of more extensive powers than the above 

 are in use on the Blackwall railway, as well as on the 

 Great Western and Edinburgh and Glasgow lines. Fig. 

 13, which represents a dial like that on the Great Western 

 Hail u ay, shows how, by the combination ef four sucli 

 magnets and pointers as are described above, all the letters 

 of the alphabet may be expressed, by pointing one or two 



Fig. 13. 



needles towards them ; and of course a larger or smaller 

 number of signals might be made on the same principle if 

 necessary. A telegraph with two pointers, showing eight 

 signals, is considered by Mr. Cooke to be sufficient for all 

 ordinary purposes. The wires, where several are used, are 

 combined into a rope and enclosed in an iron tube, which 

 may be either buried beneath the surface of the earth or 

 supported above it ; and they are insulated from each 

 other by wiapping them round separately with a mixture 

 of cotton and caoutchouc. For details of construct!' 

 applied to various purposes, and for an exposition of the 

 advantages derivable from the use of the electro- 

 utio telegraph, especially in connection with rail- 

 , we must refer to the publications <>f Mr. Cooke, the 

 Reports of the Select Committee of I he House of Commons 

 on Railway Communication' in 1840; and the ' Hailway 

 Times' for June 12, 1841. The longest, continuous line yet 

 completed is that from Paddington to West Drayton, about 

 thirteen miles; but this lias been so arranged for the pur- 

 !' experiment as to be equal to a stage of thirty-nine 

 miles, it is reported (July, 1842) that an electric tele- 

 graph is about to be laid down along the South-Westcrn 

 Hallway, from London to Gosport. 



Hampton's rolybiust ; Bishop Wilkins's Secret and Swift 



r; Durham's Phit>n'i/,/<i<->i/ J^fjiri-im/'/itx ; Mae- 



donald's Treatise on Telegraphic Communication, 1817; 



/'graph, 1823; 



Jds's L>''vrif>t.ii,its of ait Elect n :raph, tyc., 



1823; Cooke's Telegraphic Railways, 1842; Transactions 

 iif thr :', ;,'!,/ .,/ .///v; Enot/ctop<edia Britannica.} 



TELE'MA.CBUa (TqXipovoc). the son of Odysseus 



-s; and Penelope. When his father joined the 



Greeks in their expedition against Troy, Telemachus was 



young, but during his father's absence he grew up to 



manhood. When the gods had decreed that. Odysseus 



'1 return home from the island of Ogygia, Athena 



(Minerva,, assuming the appearance of Mentis, king of 



the Taphians, appeared to Telemachus, and advised him to 



!! of the .suitors of his mother ; but if Penelope should 



to marry again, to send her to her father's house, 



he mitrlit celebrate her nuptials there. She also ad- 



iil to Pylos and Sparta, to see whether he 



1 learn anything concerning his father, who, as she 



ill living in some island where he wan 



forcibly detained; but if he should be dead, she enjoined 



i monument, to his memory, and to 



rid himself of f i I his mot her either by strai 



or by force. 'I obeyed the. comma, '.Js of the 



goddess, aud visited Nestor at Pylos and Mcnelaiu at 



Sparta. Both of them received him hospitably, and Me- 

 nelaus communicated to him the prophecy of Proteus 

 about his father. In the meantime Odysseus arrived in 

 Ithaca, and lodged with Eumaeus, the swineherd, in the 

 disguise, of a beggar. In this condition he was found by 

 Telemachus, who, by the advice of Athena, had also re- 

 turned to Ithaca. The father made himself known to his 

 son, and the two devised a plan for getting rid of the 

 suiton;. They went to the town, and Odysseus was ad- 

 mitted as a beggar to a feast of Telemachus and the 

 suitors. When the suitors began to insult the poor man, 

 a fight ensued, in which Odysseus and Telemachus killed 

 itors. Telemachus then accompanied his father to 

 the aged Laertius. Thus far the story is described in the 

 Odyssey. Later writers mention other incidents connected 

 with the story of Telemachus, especially relating to his 

 marriage, which however is told in different ways. Ac- 

 cording to one tradition, he married Circe or her daughter 

 Cassiphoue, and he had a daughter Homa, whom he gave 

 in marriage to Aeneas. Servius (ad Aeneid., x. 167) calls 

 him the founder of the town of Clusium in Etruria. 



In modern times the name of Telemachus has acquired 

 celebrity from the moral romance of Fenelon, which is 

 based upon the story in the Odyssey. [FKNELON.] 



TELEMANN, GEORG PHILIPP, a name of no mean 

 rank in musical history, therefore entitled to some notice 

 here, was son of the minister of the Lutheran church at 

 Ma<:debur<r, and there had his birth, in 1U81. Though 

 educated with other views, his predilection for music was 

 too strong to be combated, and it became his profession. 

 He successively held many appointments in Germany, the 

 chief of which was that of composer to the Lyric theatre 

 at Hamburg, for which he produced no less than thirty- 

 five operas. But these were only a small part of his 

 labours : lie is said to have exceeded the prolific Alessan- 

 dro Scarlatti in the number of his works for the church 

 and the chamber ; and, in 1740, his overtures on the 

 model of Lulli amounted, Doctor Burney tells us, to six 

 hundred! Strange however as it may appear, yet it is 

 most true that of this almost incredible number of com- 

 positions, only two or three fugues are now known, at 

 in England, and these only to a very few organists of 

 pal icnt anudeep research. 



Telemann was a fellow student of Handel, and attained 

 considerable longevity, having died in 1707, at the age of 

 8G. He was twice married, and each wife had ten 

 children ; and it is remarkable that not one of them 

 manifested the slightest inclination for the art to which 

 their father owed his fortune and Depute 



TELEOSA'UHUS. Since the article CROCODILE was 

 i Owen has published his valuable Report 

 'a llritixh Found Hrfiti/i's, in which lie notices, among 

 others, a family of extinct crocodilians characterized by 

 a combination of a bi-concave structure of the vertebrae 

 with long, narrow jaws, armed with slender, conical, sharp- 

 pointed, and equal teeth, adapted, like those of the existing 

 Gavials, for the seizure and destruction of fishes. Profes- 

 sor Owen makes this family consist of two genera, whose 

 characters mainly rest on the difference of position in the 

 external nostril. In the first of these, Teleosaurus, the 

 external nostril is terminal and placed at the extremity of 

 the upper jaw ; in the other, Sleneosaurus, this aperture 

 is a little beliind and above the termination of the upper 

 jau. 



(,'i'nlogical Distribution and' Habits of the Family. 

 The Tuleuxauri and Xl<'n<:o>>auri are confined to the oolitic 

 division of the secondary rocks. At this period there were 

 ly any mammals, but fishes were abundant, and 

 ^or Owen refers to the just observation of Dr. Buck- 

 land in his Bridgeuuter Treatise, that it might, d priori, 

 have been expected that if any crocodilian forms had then 

 existed, they would most nearly have resembled the mo- 

 dern Gavin!. Professor Owen goes on to remark that the 

 modification in the structure of the vertebral column, and 

 the complete, mail of imbricated bony scutes, characteris- 

 tic species, indicate that the habits of the antient 

 imuri were more strictly marine than 

 of tlie modern Gavials, and that their powers of 

 swimming, of pursuing and overtaking their aquatic prey, 

 were greater. 



After noticing the papers of Messrs. Wooller and Chap- 

 man, in two .^epaiatc communications in I'liil. Trans., 

 vol. 50, 175H, and the figures of an incomplete skeleton 



X 2 



