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T E M 



course of the Brenta. As an architect he had not many 

 opportunities afforded him, for the period of Venetian 

 grandeur and enterprise in art had passed away. lie was 

 however employed to execute one of the very few public 

 edifices of any kind erected at Venice in the last century, 

 namely the church of La Maddrfena, a structure of the 

 Ionic order, and which, though it may be said to be com- 

 paratively pure, is also somewhat feeble and insipid in 

 design. 'His other principal architectural works are the 

 facade of Santa Margherita, at Padua ; the Rotunda at 

 Piazzolo, built at the expense of the Contarini family ; 

 and the bridge over the Brenta at Dolo. It is as a writer 

 that Temanza is chiefly known, more especially by his 

 Vitede'piuEc'cellenti Architetti e Scultori Veneziani,'4to., 

 Yen., 177N : which is one of the most copious as well as 

 -.iritten works of the kind, not on account of the 

 number of lives it contains, it being in that respect 

 scanty, but for the unusual extent at which they are 

 given. In fact several of them, Palladio, Sansovino, &c., 

 had previously been published separately. Besides this 

 literary production an important contribution 1o archi- 

 tectural biography, he published the ' Antichitl di Ri- 

 mini,' folio, 1741 ; and left behind him another work, 

 ' Degli Archi e delle Volte, e delle Regole generali dell' 

 Architettura Civile,' which -was first edited in 1811. There 

 are likewise a great many letters by him on architectural 

 topics in Ticozzi'* edition of Bottari's ' Raccolta di Lettere 

 Milla Pittura.' &c. 



Teraanza died at Venice, June 14, 1789. and was buried 

 in his own church of La Maddelena. There is a portrait of 

 him in Gamba's ' Gallt-ria d'Uomini Illustri,' to which 

 work, and to C'omolli's Bibliografia Storia Critica dell' 

 Architettura Chile,' we are indebted for some of the par- 

 ticulars here given. 



TEME. [SHROPSHIRE.] 



TEMESWAR, THE BANAT OF, is one of the finest 

 and most remarkable portions of Hungary, comprehending 

 (he counties of Torontal, Temcs, and Krassova, and the 

 German and \Vallacho-Illyrian districts. These two dis- 

 tricts are sometimes not considered as part of the Banat. 

 The area of the whole is 11,340 square miles, and the popu- 

 lation is said to be above a million ; lint, there is no part of 

 the Austrian empire the population of which it is so dif- 

 ficult to ascertain as that of Hungary. It is bounded on 

 the north by the Maros, separating it from the counties of 

 Aiiui, Csongrad, and C:-anad ; on the west it is separated 

 by the river "Theiss from the counties of Csongrad and Bacs, 

 and the Czaisk district, and by the Danube from Slavonia ; 

 on the south by the Danube from Servia ; and on the east 

 by the Cserna, and the offsets of the Carpathians, extend- 

 ing from Transylvania, from Little Wallachia, and Tran- 

 sylvania. The- Magyars comprehended it in the mili- 

 tary district of Kant. It was a frontier province against 

 the Wallachians, the Bulgarians, and the Turks. The 

 latter however got possession of it in 1552, and retained it 

 till 1710; when, in consequence of the victories of Prince 

 Eugene, it was restored to Austria by the treaty of Passa- 

 vowitz in 1718. Under the disorderly rule of the Turks, 

 the country was overrun with banditti, so that many parts 

 were nearly uninhabited and desert. Field-Marshal Count 

 Francis Mercy d'Argenteau, who was appointed governor, 

 and died in 1734, and Baron Engelshoi'en, his successor, 

 exerted themselves to improve it by inviting numerous 

 colonists from Germany, Italy, and France, building towns 

 and villages, establishing manufactories, and erecting forts. 

 But the Turkish war being renewed in 1737, many of thest 

 establishments were ruined, and a great number of the 

 foreign colonists quitted the country. When pea* 

 restored, numbers of Servians, Rascians, Macedonians, 

 and Bulgarians, came from the Turkish provinces, bringing 

 their property with them. In 17">- the covcnimr: 



ii'Oni the military to the civil form, and, with the 

 exception of a temporary check during the Seven Veins 

 war, the progress of improvement in this province has been 

 constant. 



The Banat is remarkable for the great varieties of cli 

 mate : in many parts the snow on the high mountains 

 and in the deep ravines never melts, and in other parts 

 it falls only in severe winters. A third part of the countri 

 M mountainous, and almost everywhere well watered. The 

 ground which has been gained by draining the morasses 

 on the banks of the Theiss and the Danube, and in the 

 more elevated tracts by clearing the old forests, is ex 



remely fruitful. In the middle of the two military fron- 

 ier districts lies the most extensive sandy tract in the 

 (vhole Austrian empire, in which there are however many 

 oases. The principal points of the high mountains are 

 Sarko, Gugu, Muraru, and Godjan ; on the lower moun- 

 ains there are vast forests and fine pastures. The prin- 

 cipal rivers are the Danube, Theiss, Maros, Kiiros, Neray, 

 femes, and Bega. In 1748 and the following years 

 canals were made in order to drain the marshes : the 

 mncipal of these is the Bega canal, 75 miles in length, 

 vhich traverses the whole of the counties of Ternes and 

 forcntal, and is conducted into the Theiss. By the 

 draining of the marshes, tracts which in the latter half 

 ot the last century were stagnant pools, the source of 

 pestilential exhalations, are now covered with the finest 

 corn-fields, or, where they have been imperfectly reclaimed, 

 with crops of rice, and the salubrity of the country has 

 jeen greatly improved. The protection which the moun- 

 :ains give against the east and north-east winds, and the 

 mitigation which the north winds experience in traversing 

 ;he great plain, raise the temperature to that of a southern 

 country, and the rich soil yields abundant crops. The 

 wheat and maize of the Banat are of the finest quality. 

 Rice is extensively cultivated. Successful attempts have 

 aeen made to cultivate cotton and silk, and in some parts 

 a sweet wine is produced. There is no part of Hungary 

 in which colonization has been attended with such favour- 

 able results by the settlement of industrious foreigners as 

 the Banat, where there is still so much uncultivated land, 

 and where, with the exception of some marshy tracts, the 

 climate is very healthy. Mineral springs are frequent, 

 but little use is made of them. Only those of Me- 

 liadia, which were known to the Romans by the name of 

 Tlirriiire Hurculis, arc still much resorted to, especially by 

 the Wallachian and Moldavian nobles. About this place, 

 as well as in other parts of the Banat, Roman antiquities 

 are frequently found. The population of the Banat, which 

 is continually increasing by the accession of foreign set- 

 tlers, consists chiefly of Wallachians, Rascians, Bulgarians, 

 gypsies, Germans, Jews, French, Italians, and other 

 foreign settlers : among whom, in the mountainous districts, 

 the Wallachian language is prevalent; in the towns and 

 colonised plains, the German ; and in the districts of the 

 military frontier, the Illyrian. The natural productions 

 are horses, horned cattle, swine, wheat, maize, rice, flax, 

 hemp, tobacco, fruit, wine, woad, madder, saifron, silk, 

 timber, honey : game of all kinds and fish abound. The 

 minerals are gold, silver, copper, zinc, and some iron. 

 The gold is obtained by the gypsies, by washing the sand 

 of the rivers. Between 4000 and 5000 workmen, chiefly 

 Wallachians, are employed in the mines. The chief occu- 

 pations of the inhabitants are agriculture and the breeding 

 of cattle. There are no manufactures. The county of 

 Temeswar, as has been stated, is one of the three included 

 in the Banat, and needs no separate description. A circle 

 of the county bears the same name. 



TEMESWAR, the capital of the Banat and of the county, 

 is a royal free city, situated in 45" 45' N. lat. and 21 10' E. 

 long., at the confluence of the Temes and the Bega, and on 

 the Bega canal, in a part of the country which is rendered 

 unhealthy by the stagnant waters in the vicinity. It is one 

 of the strongest fortresses and one of the handsomest and 

 most regular towns in the whole Austrian empire. While 

 the town was in the possession of the Turks it. consisted of 

 only a few houses and 1 an old castle, which is still habit- 

 able. When Prince Eugene made himself master of it in 

 1718, the strong fortifications were erected as a bulwark 

 against the Turks, and the town was built in the modern 

 style. The inner town, or fortress, is surrounded with 

 triple walls and moats, and consists of large uniform stone 

 houses, in straight, broad, well-paved streets. There are 

 _':tte>. the Vienna, Peterwardien, and Transylvania 

 gales, which are defended by strong blockhouses. The 

 casemates are capable of containing 3000 men. Temeswar 

 is the seat of the Roman Catholic bishop of Csanad, with 

 his chapter and seminary, and of the schismatic Greek 

 bishop of Temeswar : here too are the court of justice for 

 the uiree covmties, the offices of the governor of the 

 fortress and of the commander of the Banat military 

 frontier, a military academy, a great arsenal, and many 

 other offices connected with the military and civil ad- 

 ministration. The most remarkable buildings are 1, the 

 old strong castle of John Hunyady, built of freestone, the 



