T K M 



176 



T i: M 



, of heat ami cold, of moisture and dryness : and, in a | 

 word, who has all the 



leu rtate. II.- hair olio should tliin. ; 



neither black nor white. When n hoy. his lor!,- should 

 be rather tawny than Marl,, but when an adult, thu con- 

 tran 



ther information mpeetiag the opinion* of the an- 



tients on the subject of tlie I. iound 



in tli' 'in. i., 



ed. Kiihn ; in (i;ilen'.s works, /' 

 torn, i., /' ti-iitis. torn. i.. 



i.im. iv.. l)r >' ab. v., 



torn. \i.. and hi- Arx .lA'i/icn. torn, i.; ( )ribasius. Synopsis, 

 lit), v., cap. Kl. sq. : I), iv.. 



" i. sq' : Hal) A ., lib.i.; Avoir, 



lib. \i.: Alsaharavius, Theor., tract, vi.; and Avi. 



.a. 



Alter the revival of letters, this fourfold division was 

 adnp*- .is by all the most eminent 



ph\>i,'lo:: .- ingeniously adapted it to the modern 



.! the humoral pathology : and even Hocrhauve, 

 although he ini-rcased the number of the temperaments to 

 relinquished the erroneous opinions of Hippo- 

 and (Jalen respecting the constitution of the blood, 



' still derived the characters of his temperament* 

 i'rom the principles of the humoral pathology, and sup- 

 posed them to he formed merely by different combination 

 of the four cardinal qualities. Many late physii. 1 

 have been inclined to doubt whether the external cha- 

 racters associated with the four temperaments are real and 



nit signs of diversity in bodily structure, and enable 

 us to distinguish the principal varieties of constitution 

 which c\i-t. Several attempts have accordingly been 

 made to define in a more satisfactory manner the pecu- 

 liarities of organization and the resulting varieties of pre- 

 disposition, which arc chiefly interesting with regard to 

 patnolosry. Hoffmann and Cullen have indeed retained 

 the old division, supposing that the. theory of the antients 

 as to the peculiarities of constitution was founded origi- 

 nally upon facts, thouirh subsequently combined with an 

 erroneous theory. Haller seems to have been the first 

 who decidedly opposed the antient doctrine, not only by 

 showing that there was no foundation for the varieties of 

 the temperaments in the peculiar nature of the fluids, but 

 by substituting in their place the vital actions of the 

 system. Darwin proceeded upon the principle of Haller; 

 and, in conformity with the hypothesis which he adopted 

 of reducing these actions to the four heads of irritation. 

 sensation, volition, and association, he formed four tem- 

 peraments in which these qualities were supposed re- 

 spectively to prevail. The only attempt however to im- 

 prove upon the Hippocralic theory and division which has 

 been attended with any degree of success is that 

 Gregory, who to the four temperaments of the aniients 

 added a fifth, which he called the urn-nil*, and bestowed 

 upon three of the others the new appellations of the tnnir, 

 the rrltt.rml, and iniixi-ul'tr temperaments. Dr. Prichard 

 however restricts the number to four, and d. agnates tin m 

 by their original names; remarking that onlv tour strongly 

 marked diversities nf external character present themselves 

 to observation ; that the nerve < is not so 



di-tiniruished ; and that lli. -enlial part 



of the original scheme for the distribution of tempera- 

 ments, the improvement, proposed by Dr. Gregory is lame 

 and defective. The- then of external cha- 



really indicate, more or lc<s constantly, well marked 

 (hlli .ition, and likewise of morbid predis- 



position. There is no doubt that peisons having the com- 

 plexion and oil sanguine temperament are 

 more liable to certain classes of disorders than the phleg- 

 matic or melancholic, while the latter have their own 

 peculiar tendencies. Tin in:: a fullv 

 loped vascular structure, and therefore a ircula- 

 tion.of blood, a warm skin, and a hinh <! 

 feasibility, arc more liable to ! im- 

 pressions from external agents than 

 vital function-. They are suhj"ct in a r 

 everc inflammatory 



are in them more acute : they bear howi than 



persons of more languid habit, evacuation* Of blood and 

 the other measures which are found to 1 <T re- 



medics for these diseases. The greater fulness of mood- 

 veswls. Of tho-r at least which air near I .-. the 



greater warmth of the skin, and the floii ! ion of 



reason to believe that the d 

 ; !ns temperament i- not wholly unfounded. 

 \\ e 1 1 . 



.iges (tothn which are tcii!i< 



in the force of circulation through 



the arteiir.-. Individuals of the phlegmatic tempeiamcnt 

 are j.i. . i-ing from, or conn 



with, u low degree of vital en. r-y. Local congestions of 

 blood arising independent !v of general excitement . 

 under this . Glandular and tubercular di--, 



take place in bodies weak in the structures conn. 

 with the vital functions, and are perhaps m :it in 



the phlegmatic than in other temperaments. Inflamma- 

 tory complaints, when th, the phk- 

 less acute and more disposed lot, miniate in chrome 

 eases than are th. .lution, win 



the latter have I 



The relations of the choleric to 

 inent are similar to the relations which the ] 

 bears to the saniruine ; the former di- 

 both in health and disease, than the lattW. The chi 

 and saniruine. when affected by diseases of the nervous 

 system, have complaints of greater violence and acute- 

 ne.--: mania or raving madness belongs particular!', 

 cording to the oh-ervalions of M. Ksqnirol and "man) 

 others) to these constitutions. The melancholic tem 

 ment is most prone to monomania, attended with d' 

 sion and melancholy illusions. Hypoc-bondi! 

 more frequently affects the phlegmatic and in. 

 though it is occa.sionally observed in persons 

 some of the external characters of the sanguine tem 

 ment. The mo nf hvpochondriasis, adds 



Dr. Prichard, and those which approached most nearly to 

 the character of melancholia, 1 :ilyoccun 



individuals of a dark leaden complexion, fixed and sullen 

 aspect, and lank coal-black hair. 



But it is not merely on the body, both in its healthy 

 and morbid state, that the temperament -. im- 



portant, influence: the relation of the different Fon 

 physical organization to the intellectual, and even to the 

 moral, faculties is equally marked and apparent, 

 lion of mental peculiarities to the structure of the 



d by medical authors of every age, and it 

 has been stated and 'explained in different v. ;iv>. I! 

 crates said that the -amc in all men, but that 



the body is different in different individuals. The soul is 



like itself both in greater and in less, for it und. : 

 change neither by nature nor by necessity; but the body 



. : rct to continual alterations. The affections of tin' 

 mind depend upon the body; there are many stairs of thu 

 latter which sharpen, and many which obtund it.' (Hipp., 

 Hi- /'/r/iJv lt,i/i.,,i,', lib.i.. } 21, torn, i., p. (J50.< 

 mpcritus, in a letter said to have been addressed by him to 

 Hippocrates, asserted that ' the intelligence of the mind 

 depends greatly on the body, the diseases of which ol 

 the mental faculties, and draw the latter into con 

 (Hipp., Kfiiat., torn. in., p. 821.) Among t! 

 of Galen there is a tivati-e entitled <jm,i! ./',. 



ata Mtiiiiuitiir (torn, iv., ed. Kiihn), 

 written expressly to establish the connection between the 



ins and desires of the mind and the temperaments. 



- handled the subject \ny il 



and 1 profound views, of the :t; 



economy. But it is in the works of modern writer* that 

 we find'this doctrine mo-t fully developed, and made a 

 foundation for a division of human charact Tiling 



to II .tt'mann. the choleric tempeianu'tit by pccnlian 

 organizatio men to precipitate 



conduct, tn :r.iu'< r. audacitv. iinpatirncr, tel 

 sedition, and the like. ()n the other hand th.' 



"id tlirou^h tin the mem 



which is the result of its cias-itude in mclancholi- 



such persons timid, slow in bu.-inr-s. an\ 



with difficulty of forming or uttering opinions. Th. 

 happier tem]. 



Me. A too abundai - the 



] hleirinalie to be Ia7y, somnolent, and torjiid 

 temperaments qualifj .(nations in lie,.. 



Melancholic men, says Hoffmann, should be the king's 



ministn- and conns. 



appointed ^enei: 



ductors of all bn ; di-patcli . 



qnaliti 



