T E M 



179 



T E M 



.era in 1037. He was called Tempesta through his skill 

 in painting sea-storms and similar subjects, in which lie 

 was excellent, and in some respects rivalled Backhuyzen : 

 he was also nearly equally excellent as an animal painter, 

 especially of wild animals, and some have said that had he 

 remained in his own country and pursued entirely such 

 subjects, he would have rivalled Rubens and Snyders in 

 that department. There is yet another comparison to 

 make respecting him ; he rivalled, or perhaps surpassed, 

 the infamous Castagno in moral depravity. Pascoli, who 

 has written an account oi' Ternpesta in his ' Lives of the 

 Painters,' &c., says that his father wa.s a merchant, and that 

 he intended to bring up his son to his own bus, 

 young Peter was however naturally so fond of drawing, 

 that when a bov, instead of eoing to school, he used, un- 

 known to his parents, to spend his time in sketching upon j 

 the sea-side, sometimes drawing the sea and shipping oft' : 

 the coast, and at others cattle grazing near the shore. 

 He was eventually allowed to take his own course, but 

 nature appears to have been his only or at least chief master. 

 After painting with great success in various cities of the 

 Netherlands, he became acquainted at Antwerp, in about, 

 his 30th year, with a monk of the barefooted Carme 

 who converted him from Calvinism, in which he had been 

 brought up, to Popery, and Tempesta was thence strongly 

 induced to make a journev to Rome. At Rome he found 

 a valuable patron in the ])tike Bracciano, and ! 

 was beyond his expectation*. He received so many orders 

 I'm pictures, that he was obliged to eniphu - : and 



the sister of one of these, his favourite, known as Tem- 

 ;'), became his wife. He however never appeals to 

 lived in creat amity with her, but the fault is said to 

 have been Tempesta's. The story of the deep tragedy 

 which followed is told differently by Pascoli, and the 

 writer in the ' Mut>eo Florentine,' in whirl) there is a Life of 

 Tempesta, but there is no discrepancy in their statements 

 of the main fact. Tempesta, made up hi.s mind to leave 

 Rome, it is said, in order to get rid of his wife, and he re- 

 :<m of the Duke Bracciano to depart : the 

 duke consented, but unwillingly, yet ho presented Teni- 

 with a cross and a chain of trold. and knighted him , 

 1 his departure. Tempesta left Hume, ami pro- 

 mised to send for his wile ] : he 

 ound by Venice and Mila hort 

 stay, to Genoa. In Genoa he wi as he had 

 been at. Koine; but. soon after hi.s arrival lie !/. 

 enamoured of a beautiful ('. !y. and being unable 

 to obtain possession of her except by marri? 

 solved upon marrying her, and he trot o\er tlir obstacle of 

 already having one wile in the following infamous man- 

 ner:- He dispatched a hir > to Home, with a let- 

 ter to hi.s wife, ordering her to accompany the bearer 

 immediately to Genoa : his wife, who knew her hu-; 

 character, and disliked the messenger, delayed yoin^. but 

 on a second summons from her husband she complied. 

 and commenced the fatal journey. The uufor' 

 woman was murdered by the ruffian, her companion, at 

 Sarzana. The affair wa.s not long a secret, and Tem- 

 . who must have already married the Genoese lady, 

 according to Pascoli, was arrested upon suspicion, was 

 tried, convicted, and condemned to death. The sentence 

 was however not carried into execution : Tempesta ob- 

 tained a respite, or, according to the other account, had 

 sufficient, interest to obtain a commutation of si" 

 from that of death to one of perpetual imprisonment. 



Pascoli says he was set at liberty again, after remaining 

 five years in prison, through the intercession of the Count 

 di Mel gar, governor of Milan; according to the other 

 story, hi; obtained his liberty during the bombardment of 

 Genoa by Ixinis XIV.. when the prisons were thrown 

 having suffered an imprisonment of sixteen 

 was however busily employed with his pencil durin 

 whole time, and he found it difficult to satisfy t] 

 for his pie'nri's. On recovering his liberty he went to 

 Milan, and there < stabhshed himself, where, throueh his 

 unenviable n </rcalcr than it 



had been either at Rome or at Genoa. He 



wasinthe a irrcat. income, lived in splendid style, 



and even kept a p "lingerie, containing many 



varieties of wild animals, solely for the purpose of painting 

 from i tlnm. II : ,t \\ n * period of his I: 



conn u immorality, i>, r though < 



ing the greatert afflurnco, he not only deserted his second 



wife, but left her destitute, according to Pascoli ; yet how 

 such conduct could bo suffered by the laws is difficult to 

 understand. He had several mistresses, and he ac- 

 quired the cognomen of Mulier or de Mulieribus bv his 

 profligate habits ; Peter Mulier is the name by which he is 

 best known in Italy. As he grew old his powers of paint- 

 ing forsook him, and his means accordingly gradually di.- 

 minished, and as he was too improvident to make any 

 provision for his old age, his affairs became embarrassed 

 at the. end of his life. He died of a fever in 1701, aged 

 04, in a state of poverty when compared with his former 

 affluence. His pictures are numerous in the collections of 

 the north of Italy : those which he painted during his 

 imprisonment are generally accounted his best. 



TEMPIO. [SAKDEGXA.] 



TEMPLARS. KMGHTS TEMPLARS, or KNIGHTS 

 OF THE TEMPLE, are the popular designations for 

 the Brethren of the Temple of Solomon at Jerusalem, also 

 called the Soldiery of the Temple (Militia Templi) and the 

 Soldiers of Christ. The three great religious military Orders, 

 the Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem 

 (commonly called the Knights Hospitallers), the Templars, 

 and the Teutonic Knights of St. Mary of Jerusalem (or 

 German Knights of the Cross), all originated in thfc 

 twelfth century ; 1he two former towards its commence- 

 ment, during the first crusade, the last not till near its 

 close. The founders of the Order of the Templars, which 

 is held to dtc from the year 1118 or 1119, were nine 

 Knights, all French, of whom the two chief were Hugues 



or de I'ligamV. and Geotfroi de St Om< 

 St. Ademar . One account makes all the nine to have 

 been previously members of the Order of St. John ; but. it 

 is at least doubtful if this was the case. At. nil events, 

 the Hospitallers were not yet n military order; their 

 distinguishing profession was to entertain pilgrims and to 

 attend the sick and wounded: the idea of adding'to the 

 three common vows of chaslih. and obcd! 



iiragcment to fight against the infidels. : 

 been first put in practice by De Payens and his 

 brethren. Up to this time, when a knight entered the 

 society . Hospitallers, he seems to h.ivc laid aside his 



arms. i\oi probably did the nine Knights forming the 

 new ae at first contemplate either the extensively 



military character which their order eventually assumed, 

 or even the establishment of an order which should 

 extend and perpetuate itself. Their original vow wa , 

 simply to maintain free passage for the pilgrims 

 should \isit the Holy Land ; nor did the\ proceed to* ill 

 to their number till six or seven years afterthoir : 

 In another i> j their early condition and pretension: 



were remarkably contrasted with their subsequent stale : 

 I his time Ihey made the greatest show of poverty, 

 even DC I'.iyeiis. who Master, ami hi.s friend DC 



St. Onici. keeping only one horse between them, a cir- 

 cumstance commemorated in the seal of the order, 

 which represents two armed knights mounted one behind 

 the other on the same horse. At this their beginning, 

 indeed, the name which they took, and by which thej 

 were commonly known, was the Pauper soldiers (Puu- 

 iiilitones) of the Holy City; and they pro- 

 1 to have no source of subsistence but the alms 

 of the faithful. The king of Jerusalem, Baldwin II., 

 save them their first place of residence, a part of his 

 palace; to which the abbot and canons of the church 

 and convent of the Temple, which stood adjoining, .added 

 another building for keeping their arms, whence they ac- 

 quired the name of Templars. 



The new principle of their association, however, im- 

 mediately drew general attention ; so much so, that, in 

 113) the Hospitallers got their order remodelled by Pope 

 Calixtns II. on the same principle. The first regular em- 

 bodying of the Templars was by Honoiius If., trie suc- 

 alixt.ns, who in 1128 confirmed a rule, for them 

 which had been drawn up and decreed that same year 1>) 

 the Council of Troyes, on the requisition of Hugm 

 Payens and several of his brethren, who had conic to' 

 Europe for that purpose with strong recommendation* 

 from king Baldwin. Honoiius at. the Mime time, to dis- 

 tinguish them from the Hospitallers, who wen- arrayed ill 

 a blank mantle, assigned the brethren of Ihe. new order a 

 mantle for their peculiar dress, which they wore 

 plain till Eugcnius III., in 114(5, appointed them to wear 

 a red cross on the left breast, in imitation of the white 



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