TEN 



201 



TEN 



and tobacco from Rangoon, and spices and sugar from 

 Penang. The chief exports are teak and rice; there are 

 also exported ivory, wax, tin, nut-oil, trepang, edible 

 birds' nests, and bamboos. The only places with which a 

 commercial intercourse exists are Calcutta, Rangoon, and 

 Penan?. It is hoped that an overland commerce will soon 

 be established between Maulmain and the south-western 

 provinces of, China, especially Yun-nan, as caravans from 

 those parts annually visit the Shan States (Laos) north of 

 Tenasserim, and the merchants of the caravans manifested 

 a few years ago an intention to proceed to Maulmain, but 

 were prevented by political circumstances. 



History. Nothing is known of the early history of these 

 provinces. When they were first visited by the Portu- 

 guese, several places were much more thriving than they 

 now are. It seems that at that time the bulk of the popu- 

 lation consisted of Thalians, and probably the country 

 formed a portion of the kingdom of Pegu. It was after- 

 wards connected with Siam, from which it was wrested 

 by Alompra, the founder of the present Birman dynasty, 

 about the middle of the last century. Notwithstanding 

 the repeated contests and incursions of the Siamese, it re- 

 mained a part of the Birman empire until it passed into 

 the hands of the British by the peace of Yandabo (1826). 

 At that time the population was estimated at 50,000 indi- 

 viduals : at present it probably considerably exceeds 

 100,000. It forms part of the government of Penang. 



(Crawford's Journal of an Embassy to the Court ofAra ; 

 Low's ' Observations,' &c. in Asiatic Researches, vol. xviii. ; 

 Forrest's Voyage to the Mergui Archipelago ; Heifer ; 

 several ' Reports on the Tenasserim Provinces, and its 

 Coal-mines,' inserted in the Journal of the Asiatic Society 

 of Bengal, 1838 1840; Foley's 'Notes on the Geology, 

 &e. of the country in the neighbourhood of Manlamyeng,' 

 in J'liirnal nf the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1836 ; Rich- 

 ardson's ' Journal of a Mission to the Court of Siam,' in 

 Journal nf the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1840.) 



TENBURY. [WORCESTERSHIRE.] 



TEXBY. [PEMBROKESHIRE.] 



TENCH, a fresh-water tish belonging to the family Cy- 

 jirinidee, or Carp tribe. [TiNCA.] 



TENDER. A tender is the offer to perform some act. 

 In practice it generally consists in an offer to pay money 

 on behalf of a party indebted, or who has done some in- 

 jury, to the creditor, or to the party injured. 



A tender to the amount of forty shillings may be made 

 in silver ; but beyond that amount it must be in gold. If a 

 tender be made of a larger amount in silver, or in bank- 

 notes, and no objection be taken at the time to the me- 

 dium in which it is made, the objection to the tender on 

 that ground will be held to be waived, and the tender will 

 be held good to the full amount to which it is made. The 

 money tendered must be actually produced and shown, or 

 at least the ba^ or other thing which contains it shown to 

 the party to whom it is intended to be made, unless it is 

 dispensed with by some declaration or act by the creditor. 

 This is insisted upon with such strictness, that even though 

 a party tell his creditor that he is about to pay him so much, 

 and put his hand into his pocket to produce the money, 

 yet if the creditor leave the presence of the debtor before 

 the money is actually produced, no tender will have been 

 made : but if the creditor refuse to receive the money men- 

 tioned on the ground that it is insufficient in amount, the 

 actual production of it is not necessary to constitute a 

 valid tender. The offer must be absolute and without 

 conditions. An offer of a larger amount with a request of 

 change ; an offer with a request of a receipt, or on con- 

 diiion that some thing shall be done on the part of the 

 creditor, are not valid tenders ; but an offer of a larger 

 sum absolutely without a demand of change is good. A 

 tender may be made cither to the party actually entitled 

 to receive it, or to an agent or servant authorised to re- 

 ceive it, or to a managing clerk ; and a tender will not be 

 invalidated even though before it is made the creditor has 

 put the matter into the hands of his attorney and the 

 managing cierk of the creditor refuses to receive it, assign- 

 ing that circumstance as his reason for doing so. It' the 

 attorney write to the debtor demanding the monov. a 

 tender afterwards made to him or to his managing clerk 

 is good, unless at the time when it is made they di 

 authority to receive the money. A tender ought to be 

 made on behalf of the party from whom the money is dm: ; 

 but if the agent appointed by him to make the tender offer 

 P. C., No. 1513. 



a larger sum than he is authorized to do, the tender will 

 nevertheless be good for the full amount to which the 

 tender is made. 



If the defendant in an action plead a tender, he must 

 state that he has always been ready to pay the money, and 

 he must also pay it into court. The effect of the plea is to 

 admit the existence of the contract or other facts stated in 

 the declaration which form the cause of action in the 

 plaintiff. The plea goes only in bar of damages. The 

 plaintiff therefore in such case can never be nonsuited : 

 but if issue is taken on the mere fact whether or not the 

 tender has been made, and that fact is found for the de- 

 fendant, it is a good defence to the action. 



By various statutes, magistrates, officers of excise. SEC. 

 are empowered after notice of action to be brought against 

 them, to tender amends; and if the amount tendered is 

 sufficient, the tender is a defence to the action. 



TENDON, or Sinew, is the tough white and shining 

 tissue by which muscles are attached to the bones or other 

 parts which it is their office to move. The name of ten- 

 dons however is generally applied only to those which are 

 thick and rounded, and which serve for the attachment of 

 the long round muscles, such as those of the biceps 

 muscle on the front of the upper arm : those which are 

 broad and flat, and which serve for the attachment of the 

 membranous muscles, are commonly called aponeuroses. 

 But whatever be the external form of a tendon, its intimate 

 construction is the same, being chiefly composed of the 

 same fibrous or tendinous tissue of which a large class of 

 organs, including the ligaments, fasciae, periosteum, and 

 several others, consist. 



The fibrous or tendinous tissue is of a peculiarly glisten- 

 ing bluish-white colour, dense and tough, nearly insensi- 

 ble, not vitally-contractile, and very little elastic. It is 

 composed of bundles of delicate fibres, which are united 

 by cellular tissue ; and each fibre is made up of several 

 fibrilliE, or filaments, which are discernible only with the 

 microscope. The filaments are transparent and cylindri- 

 cal, with well-defined outlines : they vary in diameter 

 from 3JH, to jjtjj of an inch, and, though they have a gene- 

 rally straight direction, are finely undulated. The tendin- 

 ous fibres are from ^U to 3 ^ of an inch in diameter ; the 

 filaments are arranged within them in parallel lines, and 

 are connected by a firm substance, in which no distinct 

 structure can be discerned. The bundles of the fibres 

 are arranged in various plans in the different tendons and 

 aponeuroses : in some, they are parallel ; in some, inter- 

 laced or variously woven together ; but their arrangement 

 is always such that they possess the greatest force of resist- 

 ance in the direction in which the muscle acts upon them. 



The tendons, like the other fibrous tissues, are composed 

 of a substance slowly yielding gelatine by boiling. A large 

 quantity of the ordinary glue of commerce is obtained by 

 boiling down the tendons and ligaments about the feet of 

 horses. They contain about 60 per cent, of water ; and 

 when dry become hard, brittle, yellow, and transparent. 

 In vital properties they are distinguished by a very low 

 degree of sensibility. No pain is excited by the applica- 

 tion of stimuli ; but when stretched or twisted, the dull 

 aching pain is produced, with which most persons are 

 acquainted as characteristic of a sprain. Their diseases are 

 few and are peculiarly slow in their progress. 



The chief differences of appearance in the tendons de- 

 pend on the quantity of cellular tissue interposed between 

 the bundles of tendinous fibres. In the round tendons 

 there is so little, that it is with difficulty demonstrated, 

 and they are, in a corresponding degree, compact and 

 strong. In the flat membranous aponeuroses the cellular 

 tissue is much more abundant, and fills up large inter- 

 spaces between the fibrous bundles. The more abundant 

 the cellular tissue, the more numerous do the blood- 

 vessels of the tendons seem to be. In the round compact 

 tendons they are scarcely discernible ; but when well pre- 

 pared, the same arrangement is observed in them as in 

 the blood-vessels of all the fibrous tissues ; that is, they 

 run in parallel lines between the fibrous bundles, rarely 

 dividing into smaller branches, and communicating by 

 short canals which pass transversely across the bundles. 

 The blood-vessels of the tendon ure chiefly derived from 

 of the muscle to which it is attached. In most, in- 

 s a large branch runs across the line of boundary 

 between the muscular and tendinous fibres, and gives off 

 many smaller branches to the latter. 



VOL. XXIV.-2 D 



