TEN 



209 



TEN 



in the Mountain -Region, and the deer is still abundant 

 there. There are bears, pumas, wild-cats, and wolves ; 

 also beavers, otters, and musk-rats. Racoons, foxes, 

 squirrels, opossums, rabbits, polecats, and minxes are very 

 numerous : pheasants, partridges, pigeons, swans, wild 

 turkeys, ducks, and geese are abundant. There is fish in 

 all the rivers, but not very abundant. The wild trees and 

 plants which yield fruits are the wild plum, the crab- 

 apple, the wild vine, and the strawberry. 



There is gold in the mountains bordering on North 

 Carolina, but up to 1834 only 12,000 dollars" worth had 

 been collected. Lead exists in the same mountains, but is 

 not much worked. Iron-ore is found in great abundance 

 on the south side of the Cumberland River, and also at a 

 few other places. Limestone and marble are got in the 

 Cumberland Mountains, and nitre in abundance in some 

 rxtmsive caves near the Mountain Region. Salt-springs 

 are very numerous, and some of them are strong. Some 

 salt is made, but not to a great amount, as salt is easily 

 obtained from the western districts of Pennsylvania and 

 from Ohio. 



Population. la 1838 the Cherokees, who up to that 

 time were in possession of the southern districts of the 

 Mountain Region, left Tennessee, and went to the west of 

 the Mississippi. [NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.] At pre- 

 sent the population consists of the descendants of Eu- 

 ropeans and of slaves. 



By the census of 1820 the population consisted of 422,813 

 individuals. At the census of 1830 it had increased to 

 (is 1,904, which gives an increase of Gl-3 per cent, in ten 

 years. According to the last census (1840) the popula- 

 tion amounted to 829,210, so that in the ten years preced- 

 ing the census it had increased 21-6 per cent., which is 

 .Mi!! about double the rate of increase in most countries 

 of Europe. The increase however has not been equal in 

 all parts of the state. In the Eastern District it had risen 

 from 196,301 to 224,259, or about 14'7 per cent. ; in the 

 Middle District, from .'(74,749 to 411,710, or only 9'9 per 

 cent. ; and in the Western District, from 1 10,854 to 193,241, 

 or 74-3 per cent. 



In 1830 the population consisted of 535,746 whites, 

 45")5 free coloured people, and 141,603 slaves; and in 

 1840, of 640,627 whites, 5524 free coloured people, and 

 183,059 slaves ; whence it is evident that the slave popu- 

 lation has increased more rapidly than the white, as the in- 

 crease of the number of slaves amounts to 29-2 per cent. 

 The proportion of the white inhabitants to the sla\. > ], 

 greatest in the Eastern District, which contains only 18,714 

 slaves and 203,371 whites, so that the slaves constitute 

 only 9-2 per cent, of the number of the whites. In the 

 Middle District there were 301,157 whites and 107,735 

 slaves, which raises the slave population to 32'4 per cent, 

 of the number of the whites. In the Western District the 

 number of whites amounted to 136,099, and that of the 

 slaves to 56,610, so that the slaves constituted 41-6 per 

 cent, of the white population. 



If the population were equally distributed over the 

 state, there would be 20'6 individuals to each square mile. 

 In Scotland there are 90, and in southern Sweden about 

 42 individuals to each square mile. It is remarkable that 

 the most sterile part of Tennessee, the mountain-region, 

 is the most populous. If we allow it 10,000 square 

 miles, which is probably somewhat too much, it contains 

 22-4 individuals, whilst the Middle District has only 21-2, 

 and the Western District only 19'3 individuals to each 

 square mile. 



Political Divisions and Towns. For the administration 

 of justice the state is divided into three districts ; and for 

 political purposes into seventy-two counties. As Ten- 

 nessee is eminently an agricultural country, none of the 

 towns have risen to any importance. The capital is Nash- 

 ville, built on the left bank of the Cumberland River, 

 where the navigation for large boats begins. It is a well- 

 built and thriving place, which in 1830 contained i'i."i(i.") 

 inhabitants ; and in 1840, 6929. Knoxville, on the river 

 H >!-ton, nearly in the centre of the mountain-region, has 

 a population of about 3000. The other towns are small. 

 Murt'reesborough, south-east of Nashville, in one of tin: 

 most populous districts of the state, has about 1500 in- 

 habitants ; and Memphis, on the Mississippi, near the 

 boundary-line of the State of Mississippi, is a very thriv- 

 ing town, being a place of resort for the steam-boats which 

 navigate the river. 



P. C., No. 1514. 



Manufactures. Manufacturing industry has not made 

 much progress in Tennessee. In 1840 the number of per- 

 sons employed in manufactures and trades was only 17,805: 

 of whom 10,409 were in the Middle District ; 4679 in the 

 Eastern ; and 2727 in the Western. The number of dis- 

 tilleries was 1381, but all on a small scale, as may be 

 inferred from the produce, which amounted only to 

 1,080,693 gallons : in New York 38 distilleries produced 

 more than 4 millions of gallons, and in Massachusetts 37 

 distilleries more than 5 millions. Cotton and linen stuffs 

 for clothing are made at home. There is a small number 

 of families who make coarse cotton, linen, and hempen 

 fabrics for sale ; and there are also a few paper-mills and 

 manufactures of cordage and ropes. Some bar-iron is 

 made, and nails are manufactured. There are also several 

 small tanneries. 



Commerce. Tennessee is not favourably situated for 

 commerce, as the only river which is navigable for large 

 boats all the year round washes its western extremity. The 

 mountain-region labours under the greatest disadvantages, 

 as the mountains which separate it from the Atlantic 

 regions are difficult to pass. Its commercial wealth con- 

 sists of live stock : they send their neat cattle to Virginia, 

 and their horses, mules, and hogs to the Carolinas. The 

 Middle and Western Districts are commercially connected 

 with New Orleans, to which place they send, by the Mis- 

 sissippi, cotton, tobacco, maize, pork, potatoes, flour, hemp 

 and flax, deer-skins, lumber, ginseng, and bar-iron. The 

 foreign articles consumed in the country, which consist 

 mostly of grocery and some other articles of manufacture, 

 are imported from Pittsburg and Philadelphia, or from New 

 Orleans. 



Education is not neglected. The number of white per 

 sons above twenty years of age unable to read and write 

 amounted, in 1840, to 58,532 ; the number of elementary 

 and common schools was 983, and the number of children 

 attending them 25,090, of which number 6005 were 

 taught at the public expense. The number of academies 

 and grammar-schools was 152, and they were attended by 

 5548 boys. There are five universities or colleges. The 

 best is the university of Nashville, which has six in- 

 structors and a library of about 8500 volumes. Jackson 

 College is near Columbia. The colleges of Greenville, 

 Washington, and Knoxville are smaller. There is a theo- 

 logical seminary at Maryville in East Tennessee for Pres- 

 byterian clergymen. 



History and Constitution. The first settlements in 

 Tennessee were made about the middle of the last century, 

 but in 1760 they were destroyed by the Cherokees, then 

 the possessors of this country, from the northern and cen- 

 tral part of which they were expelled in 1780. Since that 

 time the number of settlements has continually and ra- 

 pidly increased. Up to 1790 Tennessee formed a part of 

 North Carolina, but in that year it was ceded by that state 

 to the United States, who converted it into a territory. 

 In 1796 it was admitted into the Union. The legislative 

 power is vested in a general assembly consisting of a senate 

 and a house of representatives, elected by the freeholders 

 for two years. The senate is at present composed of 25 

 members, and the house of representatives of 75 members. 

 The executive power is vested in a governor, who is chosen 

 by the electors for the term of two years, and is not ca- 

 pable of holding office more than six years out of eight. 



(Cornelius, Tour in Virginia, Tennessee, &c. ; Long's 

 Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, by James ; Darby's 

 Geographical View of the United States ; Pitkin's Statis- 

 tical View of the Commerce of the United States ; the 

 American Almanack and Repository of Useful Krtowledge 

 for 1842.) 



TENNIS, a game in which a ball is driven to and fro 

 by several persons striking it alternately, either with the 

 palm of the hand, naked or covered with a thick glove, or 

 with a small bat called a racket, held in the hand ; the 

 aim being to keep the ball in motion as long as possible 

 without allowing it to fall to the ground. Strutt, on the 

 authority of St. Foix, a French author, states that the 

 French game of ball called palm-play, or 'jeu de paume,' 

 was formerly played with the naked hand, then with a 

 glove, which in some instances was lined, and that after- 

 wards the players bound cords and tendons round their 

 lands to make the ball rebound more forcibly ; and hence, 

 it is added, the racket derived its origin. He states that 

 palm-play, or hand-tennis, was exceedingly fashionable in 



VOL. XXIV. 2 E 



