TEN 



213 



TEN 



duced in evidence ; 1 Will. IV., c. 21, Mandamus and 

 Prohibition Acts ; 1 Will. IV., c. 22, Interrogatories Act ; 

 1 & 2 Will. IV., c. 58, Interpleader Act ; 2 & 3 Will. IV., 

 c. 39, Uniformity of Process Act ; 2 & 3 Will. IV., c. 71, 

 Prescription Acts ; and (prepared under his sanction) 3 & 

 4 Will. IV., c. 27, for the limitation of actions and suits 

 relating to real property, and for simplifying the remedies 

 for trying the rights thereto. 



As his political opinions were of the kind generally un- 

 derstood to predominate at Oxford, so his literary tastes 

 retained the impress of his University education. When 

 Sir James Scarlett, on the trial of Mr. Hunt for the pub- 

 lication of ' The Vision of Judgment,' alluded to the 

 poetry of Lord Byron as familiar to the jury, Lord Tenter- 

 den could not repress the observation that, for himself, 

 ' he was bred in too severe a school of taste to admire 

 the modern poets.' His favourite recreations during the 

 long vacation were the perusal of the classics, the study 

 of botany, and the composition of Latin verses on flowers 

 and plants. He founded and endowed, in the grammar- 

 school of his native city, two annual prizes ; the one for the 

 best English essay, the other for the best Latin verse. In 

 his relaxations, as in the discharge of his public duties, he 

 displayed a mind narrow, it may be, and unimpassioned, 

 but active, dexterous, and elegant. 



His later years were overclouded with ill-health, and 

 alarm occasioned by the aspect of public affairs. He con- 

 tinued however to discharge assiduously the duties of his 

 high office. He presided for the two first days at the trial 

 of the mayor of Bristol for misconduct during the riots in 

 that city at the time of the Reform Bill, but on the third 

 he was confined to bed by a violent attack of inflamma- 

 tion. The disease baffled the skill of his physicians, and 

 he expired on the morning of Sunday, November 4, 1832. 

 Lady Tenterden died on the 19th of "December following. 

 He had two sons, one of whom succeeded him in the title, 

 and two daughters. 



(The materials for this article have been found in a 

 notice of Lord Tenterden in the Obituary of The Gentle- 

 man's Magazine for December, 1832 ; in a ' Life of Lord 

 Tenterden' which appeared in the 26th volume of The 

 Law Magazine, pp. 51-87 ; in a sketch of the ' Judicial 

 Character of Lord Tenterden ' by Mr. Sergeant Talfourd, 

 in the 9th volume of the same work, pp. 234-6 ; and in a 

 sketch of his career and character by Lord Brougham in 

 the 76th volume of the Edinburgh Review, pp. 14-23. 

 There is a portrait of Lord Tenterden taken by Owen in 

 1819, and engraved in mezzotinto in a quarto form by S. 

 W. Reynolds, and another by C. Penny engraved by H. 

 Meyer. A cast for a bust was taken from his countenance 

 after death.) 



TENTHRET)O, a genus of Hymenopterous insects of 

 the section Terebrantia. The genus Tenthredo of Linnaeus 

 is in modern systems regarded as constituting a family, to 

 which the name Securi/era has been applied by Latreille, 

 and Tenthredinidee by Leach. 



Latreille restricts the generic term Tenthredo to those 

 species which have nine joints to the antennae, and in 

 which these organs are not distinctly thickened at the 

 apex. Their larvae have from eighteen to twenty-two feet. 

 The genus Tenthredo is however still further restricted by 

 many other authors, and it is especially to Dr. Leach (Zoo- 

 logical Miscellany, vol. iii.)that we are indebted for point- 

 ing out distinguishing characters for the subdivisions of 

 the very extensive Linnean genus. By this author the 

 Tenthredinides are divided chiefly according to the struc- 

 ture of the antennas, and the cells enclosed by the nervures 

 of the wings. The first section, according to Dr. Leach, 

 contains those species which have the antennae short and 

 clubbed at the extremity and the third joint long ; the 

 superior wings with two marginal and three submarginal 

 cells. It includes the genera Cimbex, Trichiosoma, Cla- 

 ri't/uria, Zarea, Abia, &c. 



The species of the second section have the antennae of 

 moderate length, filiform, and composed of three joints ; 

 the last joint long, slightly thickened at the extremity, 

 and in the males ciliated, and sometimes forked. It con- 

 tains the genera Hylotoma and Schizocerus. The charac- 

 ters of the third section are antennas short, with nine or 

 ten joints, increasing in thickness in the middle, but end- 

 ing in a point; the third joint longer than the fourth; body 

 short and increasing in thickness towards the apex. Genera : 

 Menna, Selandria, and Fenusa. 



Section 4. Antennae composed of nine joints, mode- 



rately long ; body moderately long; upper wings with two 

 marginal cells. To this section belongs the genus Tenthredo 

 as at present restricted ; it is distinguished by the upper 

 wings having four submarginal cells, and the antennae 

 with the third and fourth joints of equal length. The 

 genus Allantus differs only from Tenthredo hi having the 

 third joint of the antennas longer than the fourth. The 

 Allantus scrophulariee is a very common species in this 

 country, and is found on the scrophularise, on the leaves 

 of which its larvae feed. The perfect insect somewhat 

 resembles a wasp, but is of a rather more slender form ; it 

 is black, and has the body adorned with yellow rings ; the 

 legs (with the exception of the thighs) and antennae are 

 also yellow. The larva, which is provided with twenty- 

 two feet, is white and has black dots, and the head is black. 

 When touched it rolls itself up in a spiral manner, as in- 

 deed dp the larvae of other TenthredinideE. 



Section 5. Superior wings with but one marginal cell ; 

 body short, narrower at the extremity in the males ; an- 

 tennae simple, nine-jointed, slightly ciliated, increasing in 

 thickness in the middle, and decreasing at the extremity. 

 This section contains the genera Creesvs, Nematits, and 

 Cladius, examples of each of which are found in this 

 country. 



Section 6. Antennae with numerous joints ; body rather 

 depressed ; wings with two marginal and four submarginal 

 cells. British genera Tarpa, Lyda, and Lophyrus. The 

 larvae of the species of Lophyrus live in society, more par- 

 ticularly on the pines, and are said to be very injurious to 

 the young plants. The species of this genus are very rare 

 in England. The antennae are serrated in females, and in 

 the males they are provided with a double series of denti- 

 culations. 



TENTHS are the tenth part of the yearly value of all 

 ecclesiastical livings. They were formerly claimed by the 

 pope as due to himself by divine right, after the example 

 of the Jewish high-priest who had of the Levites a tenth- 

 part of the tithes ; and his claim was sanctioned, in this 

 country, by an ordinance in the 20th year of Edward I., 

 when a valuation of all livings was made, in order that the 

 pope might know the amount of his revenue from this 

 source. The possessions afterwards acquired by the church 

 were not liable to the payment of tenths to the pope, as all 

 ' > nigs continued to be charged according to that valua- 

 tion. (Coke, 2 last., 627.) When the authority of the 

 pope was extinguished at the Reformation, Henry VIII. 

 transferred the revenue arising from tenths to the crown, 

 and had a new valuation of all the livings, so as to obtain 

 the tenth of their true yearly value at that time. (26 

 Hen. VIII., c. 3, s. 9-11.) By royal grants under 1 Eliz., 

 c. 19, s. 2, the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop 

 of London were exempted from tenths and were also 

 authorized to receive the tenths of several benefices as a 

 compensation for certain estates which were alienated 

 from their sees. By the 6 Anne, c. 24, all benefices were 

 discharged from the payment of tenths which, at that 

 time, were under the annual value of 50/., except those of 

 which the tenths had previously been granted by the crown 

 to other parties. There are also some other special exemp- 

 tions. At the present time, out of 10,498 benefices, with 

 and without cure of souls, there are 4898 which remain 

 liable to tenths. (Parl. Rep. First-Fruits and Tenths, 

 1837, No. 384.) Queen Anne gave up the revenue arising 

 from tenths, as well as from first-fruits, which had been 

 enjoyed by her predecessors since the Reformation, and by 

 act 2 and 3 of her reign, c. 11, assigned it to the aug- 

 mentation of poor livings ; for which purpose she erected 

 a corporation by letters patent in 1704 to administer the 

 funds, called the Governors of Queen Anne's Bounty. 

 This act declared that Episcopal sees and livings not 

 exempted should continue to pay in such rates and propor- 

 tions only as heretofore, or according to the valuation of 

 Henry VIII. , commonly known as the ' King's Books.' 

 Tenths under the act 1 Viet., c. 20, are collected by the 

 Treasurer of the Governors of Queen Anne's Bounty. Pay- 

 ment is enforced by Exchequer process, when not duly 

 made, and the treasurer is required to give notice of arrears 

 within one month after the proper time of payment. In 

 case of a living being vacated, the Exchequer is empowered 

 by act 26 Hen. VIII., c. 3, s. 18, to recover arrears of 

 tenths, not only from the executors and administrators, but 

 also from the successor of the last incumbent. (2 Burn's 

 Ecclesiastical Law, 9th ed., pp. 273-295.) [FiRST-Fauns ; 

 TAXATIO ECCLESIASTIC* ; TITHES.] 



