TEN 



215 



T E N 



In Mr. G. R. Gray's ' List of the Genera of Birds' (2nd 

 edit., 1841), a work remarkable for its accuracy and the 

 quantity of condensed labour which it contains, the Tenui- 

 rostres stand as the second tribe of Insessores, between the 

 Fissirostres and the Dentirostres, and comprise the fol- 

 lowing families, subfamilies, and genera: 



1. Upupidas. (See the article.) 



2. Xectarinidae. [SUNBIRDS.] 



3. Trochilidae. (See the article.) 



4. Meliphagidae. 

 Subfamily 1. Myzomelinee. 



Genera. Myzomela, Vig. and Horsf. (Phylidonyris, 

 Less.; Certhia, Gm. ; Me!iphaga,\\g. and Horsf.) : Acan- 

 thorhyncAws, Gould (Ltptoglotnu, Svv. ; Mdilhreptus, 

 Vieill. ; Certhia, Lath.; Metiphaga, Vig. and Horsf.) : 

 Glyciphila, Sw. (Mi'liphaga, Lew.). 



Subfamily 2. Meliphaginee. 



Genera. Me/iornis, G. R. Gray (' rthia, Lath. ; Meli- 

 phaga. Lew.; Philedon, Cuv. ; Slrigiceps? Less.): Pros- 

 'idera, G. R. Gray (Merops, Lath. ; Anthochrera, Vig. 

 and Hrs. ; Philemon, Vieill. ; titurnux, Daud. ; Mi'li- 

 pAaga, Temm. ; Philedon, Cuv.) : Ptilotis, Sw. 

 phaga, Lew. ; Philemon, Vieill. ; Certhia, Lath.) : AH- 

 tlinrnu, G. R. Gray (Anthamyza, Sw. : M 

 Vieill.; Furnariut, Steph. ; Certhia, Span 1 .; Ph 

 Less.): Philemnn, Vieill. (Aiithochtera, Vig. and Hors. ; 

 Merops, Gm. ; Me/iphaga, Temm.: / ( 'uv.) : 



Phyllornis, Boie (Turdus, Gm. ; < . Jard. and 



Selby; Meliphaga, Horsf.): Meliphaga, Lew. (Zantfio- 

 myza, Siv. : Merops, Lath.; I'luli'mmi. Vieill. ; A 

 r/iff-ra, Vig. and Hors.; Xanlhomyzu, Strickl. ; Phili-iloti, 

 Cuv.) : Anthochfpra, Vic. and Hors. (Cn'mlimi, Virill. ; 

 Philedon, Cuv. ; Merops, Lath.) : Acantlm^i'iii/n, Gould 

 liochfura, Fras. -". Sw. QraciUB, Lath.; 



Philemon, Vieill. ; Gymnops, Cuv. ; Entomyznn, Sw. ; 

 Tropidorhyiirhux, Vitr. and Hors. : ; (Lew.), 



Temm.): Tropidorhynchiix. \'\. and Hois. 

 (Juv. ; Merops, Lath.; Meliphasu, Tcmm. : 

 Cuv. . 



Subfamily 3. Melithrepliiw. 



Genera : Plector/m.-n; hut, <>. R. Gray Plcctnrhyncha, 



Gould : '' . Vieill. (Myzantha, V. and H. ; Plii- 



''*, Less. ; GracuUi, Lath.) : Psop/todes, V. and H. 



(Mutcicapa, Lath.; Timalia, ? Sw. : Kid*,/, \urnx. S,v. 



(&urjiiM,Wagl.): Meiitkreatut,\ie$l. < H.EMATOPS, Gould; 



Gi/mnophryx. Sw. ; Meliphaga, Temm. ; Philedon, Cuv. ; 



.hii^ii, V. and H. ; Certhia, Shaw) : Entomophila, 



Gould. 



5 Certhidae. 

 Subfamily 1. 



Genera : Cinclodes, G. R. Gray (Furnarius, Less. ; 

 'irln/nchus (Temm.), Gould and G. R. Gia\ : ( /,u- 

 certhia, D'Orb. : Motacilla, Gin.) : L'pucerthia, J. Geotl'r. : 

 i'liriiiirnix, Vieill. (Opetiorhynrlm\, Ti-mm. : !' i 

 Spix ; Merops, Gm. ; Turdus, Licht. : <:i",xiltn\ Sw. 

 /". D'Orb. ; Furnariux, G. R. Gray ; Aluuda, 

 Kittl. : / 'icerthia, J.Geoiir. : Em 



G. K. Gray (Eremobius, Gould) : Ochetorhynchus, '. 



i) !)ib. cl Lafr.): Limnnriiis, Gould: 

 . Sw. : f. 'in iiii-erlhia, G. R. Qny (Stenor&ai 



Subfamily 2. Anabitanne. 

 Genera :na//ar(>, \ici!l. -iJi'^n/rn, Licht. ; Pa- 



. D'Orb. et Lafr.): Di& 

 \Vairl. (Strrirottrum. D'Urb. et J^fr. ; Di'mlroni,. 



Inrhynrhux, Ronri]). : , it in, D'Orb. et Lal'r.) 



.ibiux, D'Orb. et Ls'tV. (Aanumbi, Azara : /;// 

 Vii'ill. ; Spkeaura, Licht.: Mihuu-. Sw. : .l.'i'ilmti'x, 

 S|iix; Aiithiis, Lc^. : .- . Gould j: Aimlinl,^, 



Temm. (Phil>/d->r, Spix; Xpheintm, Lu-lit. : 

 Gm. : Xrmijix, La IV. : O///, Strickl. 



rhyiichus, Temm. ; Oxyrunc.us (olim ), Temm. . 



Subfamily 3. Dendrocolaptina;. 



icra: Dendropter, Sw. A .M-.VV/, Less.; , 



, Cuv. and Temm.i: (!!i/j'/im-/iyii- 



us ''oliin i, Pr. Max. ; /^ MJ- 



. Licht. : ^iflneilla, Less. : 7 Sw. ; 



ifkl. : JJ"rii/i-ni-iijix. Sw. l):-n<lr<>c<,' 

 S)iix /, G. R. Gray (Z>ryocopu*, IV. Max.; 



/''/' . Licht.,: Dendrocolaptes, Henn. 



'", Gm.) : Xiplinrhi/nckug, Sw. 



w, Temm., Cuv. ; Picolaptes, Less. ; I>en- 



<lri,n,]iiix, Vit-ill., : Pr'ilnptex, Less. (Ziphorhynclnn, Sw. ; 



Denarocolapte*,Spix. ; O.ryurus, Less. ; Dendroplex, Sw.) : 



Sittasomus, Sw. (Neops, Vieill. ; Synallaxis, Cuv. ; 

 drocolaptes, Temm.). 



Subfamily 4. Certhinae. 



Genera : Certhia, Linn. : Oxtiurus, Sw. (Synallaxig, 

 Less. ; Sylvia, Lath. ; Motacilla, Gm.) : Climacteris, 

 Temm. (Petrodroma, Vieill. ; Meliphaga, Temm.) : 7Y- 

 chodroma, 111. (Petrodroma, Vieill. ; Certhia, Linn.): Geo- 

 bates, Sw. : Tatare, Less. (Sitta, Less. ; Turdus, Gm. ; 

 Thryothorus, Quoy et Gaim. ; Oriolus, Forst.). 



Subfamily 5. Sittinae. 



Genera -.Sittella, Sw. (Neops, Vieill. ; S/V/a, Lath.): 

 "' 'a, Linn.: Dendrophila, Sw. (Orthorhynchus, Horsf. ; 

 , Horsf.) : Dendrodromus, Gould : Xenops, Hoffm. 

 ps, Vieill.). 



Subfamily 6. Orthonycinae. 



Genera : Orthony.r, Temm. : Mohoua, Less. (Certhia, 

 Quoy et Gaim. ; Muscicapa, Gm. ; Orthonyx, Less.). 



Subfamily 7. Troglodytinae. 



Genera: Rhinocrypta, G. R. Gray (PJiinomya, D'Orb. 



et Lafr.) : Menura, Dav. (Parkinsoitius. Bechst. ; Megu- 



l, Wagl.): Pteroptochos, Kittl. (Hylactes, King ; 



'ir/y.r. Less. ; Leptonyx, Sw.) : Seytttlopus, Gould 



(Muintht'1-a, IV. Max.; Platyurus, Sw. ; Motacilla, Gm. ; 



MalacorkynchlH, Menetr.; Sylria, Lath.; Troglodytes, 



Kittl. : Xi/li-in.rix, Less. ; Leptonyx, D'Orb et Lafr.) : Afr- 



croura, Gould (Micrura, Strickl.) : Merulajris, Less. ( /'/</- 



tyurits, Sw.; Malacorhynchus, Menetr. : Mrrufaris, D'Orb. 



et Lafr. j: Thnoihorus, Vieill. (Sylria, Lath.): Campy- 



lorAynr/n/x. Spix (Turdus, Gm. et Licht. ; Cichla, Wagl. ; 



../'/, Licht. ; Opeticrhynchiis, Pr. Max. ; Picolaptes, 



. D'Orb. rt Lafr.) : flAa;npAofeu.s,"Vieill. 



('/Vv/i'/ ,,/i/ii'x, Sw. : .[.-untistes, Sundev. ; Scolo]>uri/iux, 



, Vieill. (Motacilla, Linn. ; Anor- 



", Kenn. ; l{i'<;iil-nx, Briss. ; Luscinia, Linn.). 



Of these genera, Mr. G. R. Gray remarks that Antho- 



mysa had been previously used in botany ; Plectorhyncha 



and Oxyrhynchu* in ichthyology; Rhinomyza in entomo- 



and that Eremobius is very like a word employed in 



ience ; that Dryocopus had been previously used in 



Picidte and Stciior/tynchus for a cmstaceous aniiiial. .''/V 1 - 



iiiirhy/ii-hus has also been employed to designate a genus 



of SEALS. [Vol. xxi., p. 163.] 



TENURE. The general nature of tenure and its origin 

 and history in England are explained in the article FEUDAL 

 LAW. A few remarks may be made here on tenure as at 

 present existing by the law of England, for which purpose 

 a short recapitulation is necessary. 



All land was and is held of the king either mediately or 

 immediately. All tenures were distributable under two 

 .d heads, according as the services were free or base ; 

 and COIIM i|uently there was the general division of ten- 

 ure-, into Iranktenement or free-holding, and Villeinasre. 

 The act of Charles II. (12 Car. II., c. 24) abolished mili- 

 tary tenures, which were one kind of free services, and 

 changed them into the other species of free services, namely 

 fri-i- and common socage. Thus one tenure in socage was 

 established lor all lands held by a free tenure, which com- 

 prehended all lands held of the king or others, and all 

 s except tenures in frankalmoyne, copyhold, and the 

 honorary services of grand-serjeanty ; and it was enacted 

 by the same act thai all tenures which should be created 

 by the kint; in future, should be in free and common 

 socage. It is particularly provided in the act which abo- 

 li lies military tenures, that, it shall not alter or change any 

 tenure by copy of court-roll, or any services incident 

 thereto, nor take away the honorary services of graud-scr- 

 jeanty, other than charges incident to tenure by knights' 

 service. 



Thus it appears that tenure is still a fundamental prin- 

 ciple of the law relating to land in England. 



AH the land in England in the hands of any layman is 

 held of some lord, to whom the holder or tenant owes 

 some service. It is by doing this service that the tenant 

 is entitled to hold the land : his duty is a service, and the. 

 right of the lord is a seignory. The word tenure compre- 

 hend., the notion of this duty and of fhis right, and also 

 land in respect of which the duty is due : the land is a 

 tenement. As already observed, all land is held either mo- 

 or immediately of the king ; and ultimately all 

 land is held of the king. The ownership of land in Eng- 

 land is therefore never unlimited as to extent, for he who 

 is the owner of land in fee, which is the largest estate 

 that a man can have in land, is not absolute owner : he 

 owes services in respect of his fee (or fief), and the seignory 



