T P 



217 



T E P 



ter understood by consulting the following articles : [CO- 

 PYHOLD ; DISTRESS ; FEUDAL SYSTEM ; MANOR ; RENT ; 

 TENANT.] 



TEOS (Tiuf), now called Budrum, a town of Ionia, 

 situated on the south-side of the peninsula between the 

 gulf of Smyrna and the gulf of Clazomenae, very near 

 Cape Courco, in 38 15' N. lat, 26 30' E. long. It was 

 originally colonized by Minyae from Orchomenus, under 

 Athamas, and afterwards strengthened by a colony from 

 Athens, at the time of the Ionian migration, under Nau- 

 clus the son of Codrus, Apcecus and Damasus, and by- 

 one from Bceotia led by Geres. (Pausan., vii. 3.) Teos 

 was one of the twelve cities which formed the confederacy 

 of the Panionium (Herod., i. 142), and was recommended 

 by Thales from its central position as the place of con- 

 gress for all the Ionian states. It was also one of the four 

 cities of Ionia which participated in the Hellenium at 

 Naucratis in Egypt in the time of Amasis. (Herod., ii. 

 178.) On the conquest of Ionia by Cyrus the Teians re- 

 tired to Abdera in Thrace, where they founded a colony 

 which eclipsed the parent state. (Herod., i. 168.) At the 

 battle of Lade seventeen Teian ships are mentioned among 

 the forces of the Greeks. Teos still existed as an Ionian 

 city during the Peloponnesian war. The Teians revolted 

 after the failure of the Sicilian expedition from the Athe- 

 nians, and destroyed the wall which they had built towards 

 the continent (Thucyd., viii. 16, 19) ; but Teos submitted 

 shortly afterwards to Diomedon, the Athenian general. 



Teos was the birth-place of Apellicon, the preserver 

 of the works of Aristotle, and of Anacreon, to whom a 

 statue was erected there (Pausan., i. 25), and who is repre- 

 sented on the coins of the place playing on his lyre. It 

 appears from Livy (xxxvii. 28) that it had two ports, one 

 in front of the city, and the other, Gerae, not quite four 

 miles to the north-west, the entrance to which was so nar- 

 row as hardly to admit two ships at a time ; it is now the 

 site of the castle of Sigah-jik, whence a Sanjak receives 

 its name. 



Chandler says of Teos, ' We found it almost as deso- 

 late as Erythrae and Clazomenae. The walls, of which 

 traces are extant, were, as we guessed, about 5 miles in 

 circuit ; the masonry handsome. It was with difficulty we 

 discovered the temple of Bacchus ; but a theatre in the 

 side of the hill is more conspicuous. The vault only, on 

 which the seats are ranged, remains, with two broken 

 pedestals, in the area. The city port is partly dry, and 

 sand-banks rise above the surface of the water. On 

 the edge are vestiges of a wall, and before it are two 

 small islets. On the left hand, or toward the continent, is 

 a channel, which seemed artificial, the water not deep. 

 The heap of the Temple of Bacchus, which was visible 

 from the theatre beneath, on the right hand, lay in the 

 middle of a corn-field, and is overrun with bushes and 

 olive-trees. It was one of the most celebrated structures 

 in Ionia. The remains of it have been engraved at the 

 expense of the Society of Dilettanti, and published, with its 

 history, in the " Ionian Antiquities" (i., ch. i.).' (Trarelg 

 in Aniti Mni'ir, pp. 111-2; see also Choiseul Gouffier, 

 Voyage Pittnri>xijii<; pi. 124.) This temple is an example 

 of the eustylus of Vitruvius, who tells us that it was a mo- 

 nopterus hexastylus. It was the work of Hermogenes, the 

 inventor of the eustylus, and is probably of the time of 

 Alexander the Great. (Miiller, Archanlogie t/er Kunst, 

 109.) Leake (Asia Minor, p. 350) states the diameter of 

 the columns to be 3 feet 8 inches at the base ; he con- 

 siders the whole length of the front to be about 64 feet on 

 the upper step, with about 11 columns at the sides, as at 

 Priene. According to Diodorus (iii. 65), the Teians believed 

 that Bacchus was born there, and, on his account, their 

 territory was asylus (aroXoc), that is, sacred or protected 

 against violation. On the autonomous coins of Teos there 

 are griffins, as on those of Abdera : perhaps this type is 

 connected with the worship of Apollo. The imperial series 

 extends from Augustus to Galtienus. (Mionnet, Recueil 

 des Me,<lnillfK Antiques.) 



TKPHRODORMS, Mr. Swainson's name for a genus of 

 DnjiixH Xhnln't, Dicrurinie. [SHRIKES, vol.xxi., p. 416.] 



','i'niTir I '/Ktnirter. Bill resembling Prionops; the base 

 and the nostrils being partially covered with procumbent 

 setaceous feathers and bristles. Wings moderate, rounded. 

 Tail rather short, perfectly even. Tarsi and toes short : 

 the lateral toes unequal ; hinder toe longer than the tar- 

 sus. (Sw.) 



P. C., No. 1515. 



Examples, Tep/irodornissuperciliofus,Svr., and Tephro- 

 dornis Indica (J. E. GrayX G. R. Gray (Lid. Zool.). 

 Locality. Warm latitudes of the Old World. 



Bill of Tephrodornis, Sw. 



TEPHRO'SIA (from rt(j>p6f, ash-coloured), the name of 

 a genus of plants belonging to the papilionaceous division 

 of the order Leguminosae. The genus consists of shrubs 

 or herbs, with usually unequally pinnated leaves, and 

 lanceolate or subulate stipules distinct from the petiole. 

 The flowers are white or purplish, arranged in racemes 

 which are mostly axillary. The calyx is without bracts, 

 5-topthed, nearly equal ; vexillum of corolla large, silky 

 outside, and reflexed in a spreading manner ; wings ad- 

 herent to the keel ; stamens separate or united in one or 

 two parcels : legume mostly sessile, linear, compressed, 

 many-seeded, with the valves flat ; seeds compressed. 

 This genus at present includes 84 species, but it is pro- 

 bable that a more accurate investigation will result in 

 making several genera of the present one. The Ameri- 

 can and Asiatic species are in some measure distinguished 

 by their properties. In the former a narcotic poison is 

 more frequently secreted ; in the latter a colouring-matter. 



T. toxicaria, the poison Tephrosia, is a half-shrubby erect 

 plant, with 18 to 20 pairs of oblong-lanceolate, obtuse 

 leaflets, pubescent on the upper surface, silky beneath ; 

 legumes linear, velvety, mucronate. This plant is a native 

 of (lie West Indies and of Cayenne, and is said by Tussae 

 to have been first brought from Africa. The whole plant 

 affords a narcotic poison, and if the leaves are taken and 

 pounded, and then thrown into water where there are fish, 

 they become intoxicated, and losing all power over their 

 muscles, they float about as if dead, and may be easily 

 caught. If placed in fresh water, or the fresh water be 

 allowed to come in contact with them as in a stream, the 

 fish soon recover. It is, however, generally fatal to the 

 smaller fish. 



T. Virginiana, the Virginian Tephrosia, is an erect 

 herbaceous plant, with leaves containing from 8 to 11 pairs 

 of oval-oblong acute leaflets, villous beneath ; the calyx is 

 also villous. It is a handsome plant with reddish flowers, 

 and is covered with villi. It is found in woods on dry and 

 sandy soils in North America from Canada to Florida. It 

 is considered in America a powerful vermifuge. Several 

 other species of Tephrosia are found in North America, 

 and are abundant on dry and sandy soils, in Georgia, 

 Florida, and the Carolinas. 



T. emarginata is an arborescent plant, with tomentose 

 branches, leaves with 14 pairs of linear-oblong deeply 

 emarginated leaflets, and silky straightish legumes. It is 

 a native of South America, and has been found about the- 

 mission-stations of the Orinoco. The root possesses the 

 same properties as the T. toxicaria, and is also used for the 

 purpose of poisoning fish. 



T. liiictm-ia, the Ceylon Indigo, is a shrubby glabrous 

 plant with five pairs of leaflets, silky and villous beneath ; 

 Bowers purple or flesh-coloured, seated on axillary pe- 

 duncles ; straight, pendulous legumes. This plant is a 

 native of Ceylon, where it is called Anil. Its tissue 

 yields a blue colouring-matter, which has the same pro- 

 perties as the indigo, and is used in Ceylon for the same 

 purposes. There are other plants used in Ceylon fr dye- 

 ing, also called Anil. 



T. piscatoria, the Fisher's Tephrosia, is a shrubby plant 

 with five or six pairs of leaflets, which are pilose beneath, 

 the peduncles are 2-edged, the legume straight, ascending, 

 and rather villous. This plant is found in the East Indies, 

 and also in the islands of the Pacific. It contains the 

 narcotic principle of the genus, and is used in the East 

 Indies for the same purpose as T. toxicaria is in the West 

 Indies. 



T. Apollinea is shrubby, and covered with a close pu- 

 bescence ; the leaflets are silky beneath, and in two or 



VOL. XXIV. 2 F 



