T I 



-Ml 



T K S 



tially th* m* with that which afterward* became known 

 M Sabellianum. 



In; put of his life he wrote ft work, 31.) ' Ad- 



.leos, in answer to tin- .ic-.u*h objections against 



t.:u:-'i . .'. 



alxivc list contains nil the extant works of Tt-,tullian, 

 but he must have written many i :nc informs 



us that manv of Ins work* h:ul been lost '\rn before hi* 

 mix. in., !>> I'ir. lltnsl., c. Tf.\. Amone his lost 

 ol which tlio titles are known, beside* that 'De 

 Onsu Anirnae,' alrendy mentioned, are some \vlm-li were 

 especially doiened to explain tin- opinions of the Monta- 

 nists, namely, DeSpc Fuiehum.' one oft; vorks 



in which was put forth the doctrine now known as Millen- 

 narianisin. of the personal reign of Christ on earth fora 

 thousand years [MILLKN-MI-M]. and 'De Paradiso.' He 

 also composed a defence of the ecstasies' of the Monta- 

 nists in six books, to which \va.s added a seventh against a 

 certain Apollonius. His treatise ' De Aaronis Vcstibns ' 

 appears to have been lost before Jerome's time. (See 

 Hicronym.. A/.-M/. l\iv.. near the end.) 



Two works which an' sometimes erroneously ascribed 



rtullian are the '('arniiiui Sihyllina,' and the Aeta 



tune et Kelicitatis.' Tertulhan holds one of the 



laces, if not the MTV first, among the Ijitin lathers, 



for learning and intellectual power. Even those to whom 



his peculiar opinions were the least acceptable have eulo- 



1 him in the highest terms. Tints Jerome says < l-'.]>i*t. 



!\v. tec, "> . 'What more learned, what more acute than 



Tcrtullian? whose apology and hooks aeainst the In 



embrace all the learning of the ace.' Yincentiu* Lirincnsi* 



imonilor., c. 24) adjudges to him 'by far the highest 



place among 'he Uitin fathers,' and attributes to him 'the 



most exten-ive learning both in thines divine and human, 



and a grasp of mind which comprehended all philosophy. 



all sects of philosophers, their authors and supporters, and 



every variety of historical and scientific knowledge.' 



Kra-Hiiius calls him -by far the most learned of all the 



I-utin theologians.' il'rrfnt. nit }Iilitr.~} In short, the 



lal judgment of the orthodox in antient and modern 



> may be summed up in the words of Jerome : 'His 



is 1 praise, his heresy 1 condemn ' u'jus ingcnium 



laudo. haeresin dainno). In fact, he appears liom his 



writings to have become acquainted with all the learning 



then taueht in the schools of the rhetorjtians, while to this 



he added the results of careful observation, and then 



brought all his knowledge to the support of the opinion* 



nbniced, first as a Christian and afterwards as ;. 



tanist. Perhaps the mo*t Mriking feature in his writings 



- intimate acquaintance with all the ramifications ol 



hen theology and worship, and the powerful use he 



makes of this sort of learning in his controversies with the 



III-. cxccllcncic-, and defects are strangely mingled. \Vi 



trace the skill of the rhetorician in his forcible reasonings 



and his eloquent style, but he has also the rhetorician's 



fault* in arguing often with more sophistry than truth, am" 



in taking liberties with language till bis meaning becomes 



His warm and zealous temper eivc* life am 



impressiveness to his wiitincs: but its excess made him 



an enthusiast and asccti we ought in truth to 



.. fanatic. In his writings we may general!) 



;ui; alter wor, I- !o express the warmth of his feeling* 



and the depth of his convictions, and the result of this 



effort, combined with the rhetorical character of his *i\le 



i-ii to render his eloquence inflated and ob-cure. Hi 



indulges frequent!) . and hyperboles, a?al 



.lire ami irony. Hi* writings cutler crcatly both ii 

 argument and ;-t\lc. His polemical xvoik* an- the < 

 but not the mii.M i '< eant. His he*t works aie his A 



on tin- Prescription of the Herein , _'.( 

 on Kcpc'i . on l!apti-ni l:i . on l'ia\er 12 . or 



Patience 11. and his address to Martyrs (1). 



The best editions of Tertullian are those of Rhcnanus v 



Itigaltius, and Semler. A full account of editions am 



illustrative works is i_'iven at the end of the excellent small 



Tertulhan in Leopold, in Geredorf B Hibliotheea 



Patw >rum Latinorum Selects,' 4 Tola. 12mo., 



'II. Tau.-tmitz. 



l! whether the Tertullianus, or Tertyllianr.s 



from two of whose woi ks t . , in the ' I > 



U this Tcrtullmmu. The subject is briefly discussed l.j 

 Zimmcni :,t c . dc KJ'.m. Pmat: :th re- 



erences toother remarks on this subject. Tertullian, in 

 us theological works, shows that he was well acquainted 

 vith Roman law. 



The Church ' der. and 



Schiockh ; Haehr's Chrntl ..an- 



rlin, 



Hishop Kaye. Tin- I 

 1111,1 Third Cm tin . the 



riling* <if Trrtullian, Camb., i Miinter, Pri- 



: 'I'nitie .l/rirnnar, Hafn.. 'ther 



on the Life and \Vritings of Tertullian are uien- 

 ioued in the Appendix to Leopold's edition.) 

 TF.Itl 'M II s. ! As.] 



1 1 KN. a circle of Austrian Silesia, is boundi 

 Ihe north by Prussian Silesia, on the cast by (ialieia. on 

 the south by Hungary, and on the west 1.x M<-ravi:t. Its 

 area is stated by most authors at about 720 or 7 



Von l.icchtcnstern (alone, xve believe makes it 

 1360 square miles. The number of inhabitants is about 

 1HO,000. The country consists entirely of mountains and 

 valleys, but especially in the south, where the Carpathian 

 chain commences. The northern part is flatter, but in; 

 with many small lakes or meres, so that it is not well 

 adapted fo'r tillage. The Oder forms for a short di*- 

 the north-western boundary towards Prussian Silesia, and 

 iravitza divides it oii the west from Moravia. The 

 Vistula rises in the Carpathians on the Hungarian frontier, 

 from three springs, xxhich unite near the mountain Tai 

 floxv to the village of Wcichscl, and to the toxxi 

 M-hau and Schxx arzxvasser, and then running alone Hie 

 northern frontier of the circle, p:iss into (ialieia. The 

 circle has many forests, and consequently timber in 

 abundance; fine pasturage; and a ft >rses, 



horned cattle, and sxvine. The inhabitants laisc some 

 oats and rye, and a great quantity of potatoes. Thci- 

 mines of 'iron and coals, which are not so extensively 

 1 as they might be. The inhabitants in ecneral 

 manufacture woollen cloth, linen, and wooden--- 

 The circle contains the duchies of Tcschen and Bielil/, 

 and several inferior lordships. [Hm.rrz.] The duchy of 

 Teschen however constitutes by far the ercater part ol the 

 circle, having a population of: 140,000 inhabitants, who are 

 mo*tlx of Slavonian origin. 



The duchy of Teschen formerly belonged to the em- 

 perors, as kines of Bohemia. In "1722 it was a*siencd to 

 Leopold, duke of Lorraine, as an indemnity for the Italian 

 duchy of Montfermt. to which he had some pret en-iou*. 

 Upon his death in 1721) it was inherited bv his son. after- 

 wards the emperor Francis 1.. xvho*e daughter Maria 

 Christina obtained it in 1770. and she having married 

 Prince Albert of Saxony, he took the title of Duke of 

 Saxe-Teschen. Prince Albert dxine February 10. 1S22. 

 without lineal descendants, the duchy was inherited b\ the 

 Archduke Charles, who governs it under the sovereignty 

 of Austria. 



TESCHKN. the capital of the circle and the duchy, is 

 situated in 4!l u 40' X. hit. and IS" 32' K. lone- at tl; 

 of a gentle eminence, an offset of the Carpathians, on a 

 peninsula, or tongue of laud formed by the river Kl-a or 

 Olsa, and a small stream called the. Holier or Uobicck. The 

 ilmrbs, which are not separated from it. 

 by walls or gale*: the streets are in general broad and 

 straieht. a irrcat fire in 17 s -'.'. before which it resembled 

 an irregular dirty Polish town, ha vine given an opportunity 

 to rebuild it in a better style : there arc still however 

 narrow ami sti-c; There are four Roman Catholic 



churches and one Lutheran church; the la.*t is a ven 

 and handsome edifice. The Oberring is a regular square, 

 or lather parallelogram, in which is the town-ln' 

 building with a loilx tower, at the back of which are a 

 theatre and concert-room. Tcsehen i* tin 1 Ihe 



courts of justice and public offices of the circle and the 

 duchy. There is a Roman Catholic eynina.*ium. with a 

 library of 12,000 volume*, ami collections of minerals, in- 

 sect*, and medals ; nnd a P: um. and several 

 schools. The inhabitants, now 7IKKI. manufacture fine 

 broadcloths, kerseymere, leather, ami a kind of HIM 

 known in German) bx the name of Tesehiiiks. They have 

 also a considerable trade in leather, wool, broadcloths, 

 Hungarian wines, honey, and wax. The tieaty between 

 Frederick II. of nd the empiess Maria Thl 

 which terminated what is called the war of the Bavarian 

 ion, was concluded at Teschen in 1779. 



