T E T 



252 



T E T 



, according to the census <>f 1K31. The town consists 

 of one long street intersected by two shorter ones. \\itli the 

 market -place and a spacious market-house in the c cut re. 

 The streets arc paved and lighted, and the liouses built 

 chiefly of (tone. A bailiff and constable are annually 

 appointed at the court -leet of I lie feoffee* of the manor. 

 Tnere arc fain held three times a year, for cheese, cattle, 

 kheep, horses, &c. The pariah cluurli. w Inch wa- built 

 oon after the Conquest, was taken down in !7~-i. with the 

 exception of the tower, and rebuilt in the ]>oiiited style : 

 and a modern spire was placed on the tower. The livinit 

 is a vicarage, of the annual gross value of 903/. The 

 Baptist* and Independents have places of worship. In 

 Klizabeth I lodges left a rent-charge of W. li>r the 

 education of 15 i-hildren : and in the years 17Xt. 1795, 

 and 17U7. the sum of 100/. was left by three different per- 

 mits for the support of a Sundav-sch'ool. In ISH.I there 

 en daily schools, attended i>y 173 children, and three 

 Sunday-schools, at one of which, in connection with the 

 Katabh-hcd Church, 17-4 children were instructed, and the 

 other was a Baptist school, attended by 153 children. In 

 the reign of James I.. Sir William Kouiney. a native of the 

 town, founded alnishouscs for eight poor persons, and left 

 property for the endowment of a grammar-school. The 

 traces of an antient encampment were \isihle on the 

 south-eastern side of the town up to the middle of the 

 last century; and at this spot fragments of British wea- 

 pons and coins of the Lower Empire have been found. 

 TETE'. [SKNNA-] 



TETHYS. [NYimimM IIUTV. \ol. xvi.. p. 301.] 

 TETKAURANCIIIATA. Professor Owens second 

 order of the class Cephalopoda. This order is equivalent 

 to the ' (.Yuhalopodes testaces polythalames ' of Lamarck ; 

 to the ' PolvthalamaceV of De Blainville ; the ' Siphonoi- 

 des ' of De llaan ; and the ' Sifoniferes ' of D'Orbigny. 



The following characters of the order are given by the 

 Professor : 



Eye*, subpcdunculate. Mandibles, calcareous at the 

 apex. Arms, abbreviated, tubular, and furnished with 

 retractile tentacles. Mantle, rnembranaccous, with two 

 anterior apertures; a posterior membranaceous tubule 

 running tlirotigh the siphon of the multilocular shell. 

 (fills, four. Hranrhial Afar/, null. Excretory tube, with 

 the walls disconnected below. Shell, internal or external 

 multilocular. 



The genera comprised by Professor Owen under this 

 order, in his Menunr mi the. Pearly \nnliliix (1 81)2), are 

 Belemnites, Jinn/Htm, Lituola, Spirufa (J), Ammonites, 

 Orbulites, Xuutilus, Cibicide*, Rotalites, &c. 



In the Cyclopeedia of Anatomy and Physiology (1836), 

 Professor Owen modifies the views above given. In that 

 work the ntrabninrhiatii form the first order of the Cepha- 

 Ittpoda. with the following synonyms : Poly thai amactt, 

 Blainvillc ; Xiphuniferu, D'Orbigny; minus the Spirulid<e 

 and Belrmnite*. 



The Ti'trafirnnr/iinte Cephalopods (of which the Prarly 

 \.iittilns may be regarded as the type) are described as 

 provided with a large external univalve shell, symmetrical 

 in form, like the body of the animal which it protects, 

 straight or convoluted on a vertical plane, and divided by 

 a senes of partitions into numerous chambers, of which 

 the last formed is the largest, and alone contains the body 

 of the animal ; a dilatable and contractile tube is continued 

 from the posterior part of the animal through all the par- 

 tition* and chamber* of the shell : but the attachment of 

 the shell to the body is effected by means of two stroiic 

 lateral muscles which are inserted into the walls of the 

 last chamber. The numerous hollow arms and retractile 

 tentacles are peculiar to this order, and the head is further 

 provided with a !ari;c ligamento-muscular plate or flattened 

 disc, which, besides acting as a defence to the ujtcning of 

 the shell, serves also, in all probability, as an organ for 

 mg along the ground, like the foot of the Gastropods. 

 There are no fins or analogous organs for swimmmir. 



The following nre the characters given in the Cyi.loptf- 

 dia of Anatomy by the Professor: 



strengthened by a dense, exterior, calcareous coat- 

 ing, and with thick dcutated margins. Eyes pedunculated 

 and of a simple structure. No organ of hearing, dill.* 

 four in number and without branchial hearts. Circulating 

 *yttrm provided with but one \cntiicle. which is systemic 

 or propels arterial blood. No ink-bag. Inferior parietes 

 of the funnel divided longitudinally. 



The second order, Dibranchiata, has the following syno- 

 nyms : Cryjilodibranchfs, liluinv . ; Acftabultftra, D Orb. ; 

 plus the Spiniliiiie and Hfl<-iiiiiiti<ltr. 



The Tstrabranchiata are divided into two fanu 



1. .\nittilidte: Genen: .\tiutiliu. l,am. ; Clynifne, 

 :>i;>ii/il>->. Deshayes; l.ili . , u; Ortho- 



crrntitrt. Bre\ n. 



Imiii'iiiitiilff : (ienera : 7f'i''M///-x. \M\\.; Jlamitr*. 

 I'ltrkin-on ; Graphites, Parkinson ; Aniinunito., lirug. ; 

 Turrilitft, I. am. 



Of the l>il>r,tnchiata. Professor Owen remarks, that 

 this order also had its representative in the seas of 

 the antient world, as the shells called Bekmnites, or thun- 

 the fossil shells of the X,;/,,, diM-overed by 

 Cuvier. and the horny rinirs of the acetabula found by 

 liuckland in the coprolites, or fossil faeces, of J'-hthi/i 

 testifv : but. In- remarks, our knowledge ot' this order is 

 chiefly founded on observation >ii ' c \i-tini; s]iecies. '!'! 

 says the Professor, 'are extremely numerous: they 

 (|uent the seas of every clime, from the ice-bound shore* 

 of K'Kitfn-i />//> to the open main, and floatim; Sargasso 

 or Gulf-weed of the Equator: they seem however to be 

 most abundant in temperate latitudes. Many specie- fre- 

 quent the coasts, creeping among the rocks and stoi 

 the bottom ; others are pelagic, swimming well, and are 

 found in the ocean at a great distance from land.' 



Professor Owen then adverts to the great \aiiety of sire 

 ,'eil by thi' Didi-aiirliiata, remarking that although 

 the bulk of the gigantic species has been undoubtedly 

 evairirenited, yet the organization of this order is favoura- 

 ble to the attainment of dimensions beyond those pre- 

 sented by the individuals of any other group of in. 

 brate animals. He then alludes to the I'ucinatcd Calamary 

 caunht by Hanks and Solander in the southern ocean 

 [Si:iMU).K. vol. \xi.. i>. 253], and to the fi-agmcnt of the 

 cephalopod weighing one liundred pounds obtained by 

 the Krench naturalists in the Atlantic ocean under the 

 line, and preserved in the Museum of the Garden of Plant* 

 at Pa 



The Dibranchiate Cephalopods are divided by Professor 

 Owen into two tribes, the Dfcapoda and the Octopndii. 



The Decapoda, besides the possession of ten arms, are 

 characterised by having a pair of fins attached to the 

 mantle ; by having the funnel either adherent at the an- 

 tero-lateral parts of its base, and without an internal 

 \al\e.or articulated at the same part by two ball-and- 

 socket joints to the mantle, and provided 'with a valve in- 

 ternally at its apex; by having fleshy appendages to tin- 

 branchial hearts, and glandular appendages to the biliary 

 ducts; by having generally a single oviduct with detached 

 superadded glands ; and lastly, by the shell or rudiment 

 being single, mesial, and dorsal. 



Professor Owen considers the Decapodous tribe to be 

 that which is most nearly allied to the Tetrabranchiate 

 order, and he regards Spirula as the type of the first 

 family of the Decapodons tribe, or that which immediately 

 succeeds the Tetrabrtmrliiata. 



The following are the families of the Decapoda: 



1. Spnu'i.ii).*; : genus Spimln. 



2. Bfl'-imiitidrr : genera, Memnites, Lam.; Actinoco~ 

 max. Miller ; Pseudobelus, Blainv. 



3. Sepiada- (Cuttle-fishes) : renusStptO. 



4. Teiithidee (Calamaries : thus di\ ided : 



A. Funnel with an internal valve, and articulated at 

 its base to two ventro-lateml cartilaginous promi- 

 nences of the mantle. 



Genera: Xriiintfuthix. Blainv.; Lnligo, Cuv. : Ony- 

 <-fi'>ti iithi*. Lit lit. : /imsin. Owen ; N u-h. 



B. Funnel unprovided with an internal va/ve, and 

 adherent at the untero-lateral jiarts of its base to 

 the mantle. 



Gener&: Lr>li%opsi*, Lam. : Crunrhia, Leach. 



Ol the tribe O'-tn/nK/n the Professor obs. n e~. that be- 

 sides wanting the long tentacles, they are also charac- 

 ! by the want of mantle-tins, and consequently are 

 limited to retrograde progression whik swimming ; their 

 acetabula, he adds, are sessile and unarmed, ami tiny have 

 t\\o oxiduets, but without detached glands for secreting a 

 nidamentum : the Decajxxls have :i single oviduct and de- 

 tached glands for secreting the nidamentum. 



The Octopods arc thus arranged by Professor Owen : 



M Famili gmt Argonauta, Una. 



2nd Faauly, Xuda: genera Octopus, Leach ; IXudone, 



