T E T 



260 



T E U 



TETRARCH frrrpwK)> from two Greek word*, signify- 

 ing /our *'id "> forrm, a title used by the Creeks at a 

 very early period to describe the ruler of each part of a 

 country which was divided into four parts, either on account 

 of its occupation by different tribes or merely a a political 

 n. Each of Mich four parts was called a tetrarchy 

 {nrpapxim or nrpalapxia). In process of time the title 

 came to be applied to the ruler* of different divisions of 

 the same country, or to the chiefs of different tribes inhabit- 

 ing the tame country, without any reference to the mun- 

 . >ur. In this sense it was equivalent to the titles 

 flHmirch and phylarch. I'nder the Roman government, 

 in the later ages of the republic and under t be emperors, 

 there were several such petty princes, independent of each 

 other, but tributary to Rome. These trtrarehs, rthnarcht, 

 or phylarrtu, were either the legitimate governors of their 

 subjects, or persons who had received the title and go\ ern- 

 ment from Rome as a mark of honour. They ranked below 

 those other subject princes who were permitted to retain 

 the title of king. 



The principal examples of tetrarehies are those of Thes- 

 saly, which was antiently so divided, and the division was 

 again made by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great : 

 .itia, which was peopled by three Gallic tribes, each 

 of which was divided into four tetrarehies : of Syria, many 

 of the petty princes of which bore the title of tctrarchs, 

 especially certain princes of the family of Herod the Great. 

 Concerning the tctrarchs of Syria, see Niebuhr's History 

 of Rome, if., pp. 134-5. 



TETRAX, Dr. Leach's name for one of the BUSTARDS 

 placed by Mr. G. R. Gray in the subfamily Otodinte of the 

 family STHUTHIONID*. 



Kvample, Otitletrax, Linn. 



TK'TRICUS, CAIUS PESUVVIUS, a Roman senator, 

 one of the numerous usurpers of the Imperial purple 

 in the third century A.D., who are distinguished in Roman 

 history by the name of the Thirty Tyrants. He was 

 governor of Aquitania, and, after the death of several 

 pretenders in Gaul, was made emperor there, A.D. 268, 

 by Victorina, said to be his kinswoman, and the widow 

 of Victorinus. He reigned for a few years not unpros- 

 perously ; but after the accession of Aurelian, finding 

 himself unable to control the turbulent and licentious 

 soldiery who sustained his power, and becoming weary of 

 their crimes, he invited the new emperor into Gaul, and 

 resigned his usurped dominion in the following manner. 

 Dreading the resentment of hi* troops if he deserted them 

 openly, he pretended to prepare for an engagement near 

 Chalons in Champagne, and then betrayed his army into 

 the hands of Aurelian. Gibbon places this event before 

 the defeat of Zenobia ; but Vopiscus (' Aurelianus,' Hintnria 

 Augufta) say* that it took place subsequently. The 

 triumph of Aurelian, A.D. 274, was ennobled by the pre- 

 sence of the queen of the East, and of Tetricus and his 

 son, in the train of captives. The deposed emperor was 

 treated by his conqueror with every mark of distinction 

 during the remainder of his life, and was mode corrector 

 of Lucahia according to Vopiscus and other writers, or of 

 all Italy, if we follow Trebellius Pollio. His son Tetricus, 

 who had been made Ca*ar by Victorina, met with not less 

 favour than his father at the hands of Aurelian, and was 

 honoured with senatorial dignity. On the coins of Te- 

 tncus, which are extant in gold, silver, and copper, we 

 find the reading IMP.C.C.PBSV.TKTRICVS.AVG, and also 

 rap.Trrai. >!h.onthereverse,iup.c.ci.AVDivs.\\<.. 



which, a- ' \'nm. remarks, would im- 



ply an all: un and Claudius Gothicus. Spon 



(Afitcell., 274. Lugd., H1S5) gives an inscription on a 

 marble found at Rouen with the titles of Tetricus more at 

 length : C.PBSVBIO. TBTRICO. M>IUI.IS-.I\I<>. CAXS.P.F. \ 

 Coins struck in the name of the younger Tetricus yet re- 

 main. (Trebelliim Pollio, 'Trieint.Tyr..' in the Ilittoria 

 Augufta ; Eutropius, ix. 13: Gibbon., ii.) 



TKTRODON, a genus of fishes of the order Pleclorna- 

 thi. These fishes, instead of having distinct teeth as 

 usual in the class, have the jaws provided with a substance 

 resembling ivory, formed somewhat like the beak of a bird, 

 and fitted for crushing crustaceous animals and fuci, upon 

 whicn they live. Both the Titrwion* and Diodotu (Dio- 

 rf'in. Linn. , a very closely allied genus, have the power of 

 Mliarm*; the body with wind, or rather a membrane which 

 extend* along the under side of the abdomen, which causes 

 them to float on the surface of the water, without the 



power, it is said, of directing their course : the membrane 

 when inflated, gives to the fish an almost spherical form, 

 and is usually defended by spines and prickles. The pec- 

 toral fins are rather small ; and besides these and the tail- 

 tin, they have one dorsal and a ventral fin. The Diodons 

 lm\e but one large tooth above and below, and nre usually 

 led bv large strong spines. The Tttr.xlons are dis- 

 tinguished by the possession of four large teeth, the jaw* 

 each divided by a central suture. These fishes are 

 e.nitined to the seas of warm climates: some of them are 

 called (JKibe-tishes. 

 TK IT AN. [Muiocco.] 



.1. [TKZKLj 



TEU'CRIUM (from Teucer, son of Scaraander, and 

 father-in-law of Dardamis, king of Troy) is the name of a 

 genus of plants belonging to the natural order Lamiacea- 

 or I.ahiata". It has a tubular 5-toothed, nearly equal, or 

 2-lipped calyx. The tube of the corolla is shorter than 

 the calyx, the upper lip is abbreviated and bipartite ; the 

 lower lip is longer, spreading, and trifid. The stamens are 

 much exserted, and the cells of the anthers are confluent 

 and spreading. The species are herbs and shrubs inhabit- 

 ing most parts of the earth, and having a variable habit 

 and inflorescence. Upwards of seventy species are de- 

 scribed in Don's Miller's Dictionary. Of these compara- 

 tively few are known in this country; some of them are 

 cultivated in our gardens, and three are natives of the 

 British Isles. 



T. K-nriMl'inin, Wood Germander, or Sage, has cordate, 

 downy, petiolate, crenate leaves; the flowers are of a pale 

 yellow colour, with violaceous stamens, and are arranged 

 in lateral and terminal one-sided racemes ; the stem is 

 erect, hispid, pubescent, or nearly glabrous. It is a native 

 of Europe in woody hilly situations, where the soil is dry 

 and stony. It is not an uncommon plant in Great Britain. 

 The smell and taste of this plant resemble veiv much the 

 hop. In Jersey, where it is called Ambroite, the inhabit- 

 ants use it as a substitute for hops in their beer ; and by 



| some persons the bitter given by the Germander is pre"- 

 ferred to that of the hop. 



T. K-iiriliiiin. Water Germander, has oblong sessile 

 downy serrated leaves ; flowers purplish, arranged in axil- 

 lary whorls, 2-6 flowers in each ; the stem is procumbent 

 and villous. It is a native of Europe and tin- temperate 

 part* of Asia in boggy wet places. It is a rare plant in 

 Britain. Its fresh leaves are very bitter and rather pun- 

 gent, having a smell similar to garlic. It had once a great 

 reputation in medicine, but is now seldom used : it might 

 however be employed in cases where an aromatic bit 

 desirable. 



T. Chamcedrys, Wall or Common Germander, has ovate 

 inciso-serrate leaves, tapering into a footstalk ; the flowers 

 are reddish-purple, and arranged in axillary whorls of ' 

 flowers; the stem is nscending, and most frequently \illoirs. 

 It is a native of Europe and some parts of Asia, on walls 

 and rocks and dry places. It is only rarely found in ' 

 Britain. This plant was once much employed in medicine. 

 and entered as an ingredient into the celebrated Portland 

 powder. It has the tonic aromatic qualities of the family 

 to which it belongs, which frequently render them valuable 

 in diseases connected with depressed powers of the nervous 



| system and die ,,ns. 



T. M'iri/ii/. Cat -Thyme, has small ovate quite entire 

 -.with 2-4 flowered whorls: slem erect, blanched. 

 It is a native of the region of the Mediterranean. When 

 the leaves are nibbed between the fingers, they emit a \o- 

 latile aromatic smell, which excites snec/ing, and on this 

 account it is used as an errhine, and forms an ingredient in 

 the pulcii atari comjmsitus of the ' Pharmacopeia.' It 

 has been recommended as a stimulant and aromatic in 

 various diseases, but is not much used. Cats are very fond 

 of it, and destroy it when they get near it. 



T. polium, Mountain Poly, has cuneated oblong or linear 

 leaves with revolute edges ; whorls few, condensed into glo- 

 bular terminal heads ; stems procumbent, much branch., I. 

 This plant is a native of Europe and Africa, on the shores 

 of the Mediterranean. According to soil, situation, and 

 other circumstances, it assumes a variety of forma, which 

 have been recognised as species by many botanists. Mr. 

 Bcntham, in his monograph on Labiattp, has placed -i\ 



' of these species under the present. There are other 

 species of Teucrium, chiefly found on the shores of the 

 Mediterranean, called Polies. 



