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T E U 



account of their Asiatic origin is given in their antient 

 national songs, principally in the Sagas of the Scandina- 

 vians. The recollection of their antient homes was not 

 entirely lost in Germany in the eleventh century, for we 

 find the following verses in the ' Lobgesang auf den Heili- 

 gen Anno :' 



' Dei-en Gcschlechte ilere quam wiliu ere 

 , Von Armente der herin. 



M;m Sii^it. da/ dur ill Halvin uoch sin 



. 



Die (ler DiuttcAfn .-prediin, 

 IiiL't'i,'in India vili verro.' 



' Their tribe (the Bavarians") came a long time ago from the noble Armenii 

 It is *aid tli-it in the Alps, far oft towards India, there are still people who 

 speak Teutonic.' (Schiller, Tftfsaurus. Antiq. Teuton., p. i., sect, ult., p. 15) 



It is also said that Benedict Goesius (Goez\ a Jesuit, 

 found in 1003, in the mountains of the Hindu Kush, north- 



n! < 'abul, a people with fair hair like the Dutch, 

 and who are perhaps identical with that tribe of which 

 Pliny speaks, and which was settled in the Montes 

 Emodi. But all this is of little value, unless it is corro- 

 borated by other facts. Such facts have been furnished by 

 the learned philologists of our age, especially by Friedrich 

 von Schlegel, Adelung, Bopp, Grimm, and Hammer. A 

 comparison of the Teutonic languages with the Persian, 

 the /end, and the Sanscrit, has shown the relationship 

 which exists among these languages [LANGUAGE; GER- 

 MANY; SA>SCRIT], and by means of these facts, the My- 

 thes and Sairas become important for history. According 

 to one "I these mythes, Deut or Diuta were the names of 

 antient Indian goda who led the tribes which emigrated 

 from India to the west. (Hammer, in U'lrnrr Literntur- 

 //<#, October, 1816: Hitter, Erdkumh, vol. ii., p. 118, 

 H:)S-!XKJ; Hitter, Vorhall', p. 317, 400, G20 ; Grimm, 

 D-titxi-h" tirtintmatik, especially in the preface, p. x\vi.. 

 &c. ; Riihs, Atufti/trlrcftt Erlautenmg dcr zehn ersten 

 Knjiiti'1 il"r thrift d?t Tacitus iiber Deut-tc/i/iiiid, p. 88, 

 ft". : Herder, cited above, i., p. 400; Mathaeus Hiccins. 

 lii' ' '/in tiana I-;i-p,':liH'ii> npuilxiimx suxi-rptn a Sorietate 

 Jf.-n. l<m, p. 600.) 



When the Teutonic nations appeared in history, they 

 wen- divided into many bodies or confederations of 

 tribe*, such as, at a later period, the Franks, the Sue\i. 

 the Saxons, the Marcomanni, and the Alemanni. Long 

 before these names were known, there was a similar con- 

 federation of tribes which came from the north-north- 



::id conquered the countries on the left bank of the 

 Khine, then inhabited by Celtic nations, which fled to 

 their brethren in Central Gaul. The epoch of this in. 

 is not known, but the event happened long time before (lie 

 ho found those countries settled by a Teu- 

 tonic population. Tribes of the Condrusi, the Kburones, 



'aeraesi, and the Paemani, were united in a confedera- 

 tion, rnd had adopted the name of Germani, or ' war-like 

 men.' This name was gradually used by the Romans, to 

 di-*i<rnatp other nations which belonged to the Teutonic 



Tacitus, (ji rm., c. 2), and subsequently it was adopted 

 by the Kntrlish as a name for the ' Deutsche,' while this 



name, changed into Dutch, now designates the in- 

 habitants of Holland. It has been pretended that the 

 name of Germani was known long before the time of 



-. and this opinion is founded upon the following 



' of the ' Fasti Capitolini :' 



' M. (I. \rnil -, M. F. M. N. MARCELLUS- 



cos. DK. U.U.I.EIS. INST;HRIUUS. ET. OKRMAXEIS. 



K. MART. ISQUE SPOI.IA Oplinil RETTUI.IT 

 Dt'CE HOSTIUM \lKUlin,iiirn '"I <7</s Til)/////; 

 int-rfn-ln.' 



If the word ' Germaneis' is here right, and there is no 

 good reason for putting 'Cenomaneis' in its place, the 

 acquaintance of the Romans with the Teutonic nations 

 commenced long before the invasion of the Cimbri and the 

 Tetitones. There is a passage in Livy (xxi. 38) which 

 s that at the time of the invasion of Italy by Han- 

 nibal the country of the Alprs IVnninae was 



inhabited by ' nationes semigermanae,' by which expression 

 writers have hastily concluded that a mixture of 

 Germani and Celts is meant ; but the passage admits of 

 another interpretation. 



Triiimijr, Nations after Ctesar. When Caesar 

 reached the Rhine, Northern Germany, Holland, Belgium, 

 and a part of the countries on the Middle Rhine were in- 

 habited by Teutonic nations which belonged to the northern, 

 now Saxon branch. They had been settled in fixed habita- 



tions for several centuries, and they must be considered as the 

 first of this race which settled in Germany. The southern part 

 of this country was then inhabited by Celts and Rhaetians, 

 except the tract between the Upper Rhine and the Upper 

 Danube, which was conquered by theSuevi, who belonged 

 to the Teutonic race. The word ' Suevi,' which comes 

 from ' schweifen,' may be translated ' wanderers,' or people 

 who rambled about for the purpose of settling in any con- 

 venient country. It was adopted by a great number of 

 tribes, the majority of which belonged to the High Ger- 

 mans, and came from the countries on the Baltic be- 

 tween the Oder and the Niemen. Caesar was obliged to 

 fight with their leader Ariovistus (B.C. 58), who had invaded 

 Gaul. Ariovistus was compelled to go back to Germany. 

 Tacitus divides the Germani into three great bodies : 

 the Ingaevones, in the north ; the Istaevones, in the west, 

 from the mouths of the Rhine upwards to Basel ; and the 

 Hermiones, in Middle Germany and towards the north-east. 

 This division seems to have an ethnographic and still 

 more a political value. The position of the Ingaevones tor- 

 responds to that of the later Saxons, and both the names 

 have one meaning, Saxon signifying a settled people, and 

 In-sae-vones a people who live in a cultivated country 

 divided into districts (In-gau-wohner or Inwohner). The 

 Istaevones, or Western Germani (West-wohner), correspond 

 to the later Franks, and the Hermiones to the Suevi, 

 including the Alemanni. Further, the name of Her- 

 miones is undoubtedly identical with Hermunduri, one of 

 the greatest Suevian or High-German tribes, the name of 

 which is generally supposed to be the same with Doringi 

 or Thuringi, the present Thuringians. 



From the time when Caesar ~ first met with the Suevi 

 under Ariovistus, there was a deadly enmity between the 

 Romans and the Germans. The Romans wished to make 

 Germany into a province, and the Germans qimcd at the 

 possession of Gaul : on both sides there was the passion of 

 conquest and the necessity of self-defence. Ambition 

 pushed the Romans into Germany, and want of fertile lands, 

 and perhaps some great revolution among the nations of 

 Kastern Europe, led the Germans into Gaul and Italy. The 

 Roman eagles were seen in the wilds of the Hercjniah 

 forest, but Arminius saved his nation from slavery in the 

 forest of Teutoburg, where Yarns was slain with three 

 legions (A.D. 9). The campaign of Germanieus, who ad- 

 vanced as far as the Elbe, led to no results, though h 

 gained a complete victory over the Germans on the field of 

 Idistavisus near the Weser (A.D. 16) ; when he celebrated 

 his triumph in Rome (A.D. 17), the Germans between the 

 Rhine and the Weser were as free as before. These tribes 

 made a confederation, and chose Arminius for their leader. 

 A war arose between him and Maroboduus, king of the 

 Marcomanni, who was defeated and obliged to implore the 

 assistance of the Romans (A.D. 19). Being attacked by 

 Catwald, or Catualdus, the chief of the Gothones, he lost 

 his crown, and the confederation of the Marcomanni was 

 broken. Arminius, the hero of Germany, fell by the hands 

 of his jealous kinsmen, in his thirty-seventh year. (Tacitus, 

 Annul., ii. 8S.) 



Notwithstanding the civil wars in Germany, the Romans 

 gave up the idea of conquering the country, and Tiberius 

 ordered a defensive system to be observed on the frontiers, 

 which were formed by the Rhine from its mouths to the 

 Moselle, and from the junction of this river with the Rhine 

 they followed the Latin as far as the present district of Wet- 

 terau. The frontier then took a southern direction, passed the 

 Main at Obernburg, the Jagst at Jagsthausen, the Kocher 

 at Hall, and joined the Danube near Pforing, from which 

 town it ran along the Danube as far as Pannonia. The 

 rivers were defended by castles, and the tracts between 

 them by a strong rampart with towers, the Vallum Ro- 

 manum of Hadfianus, a considerable part of which, the 

 Pfahlgraben, is still visible. The Germans west and south 

 of this barrier became Roman subjects, but those who 

 lived east and north of it enjoyed their antient liberty. 



All the German tribes practised agriculture, but warfare 

 being their favourite occupation, they abandoned their 

 fields and their flocks to the care of bondsmen. Their 

 agricultural system, which is still practised in some coun- 

 ties of Westphalia, and which is now called Dreifelder 

 Wirthschaft, consisted in cultivating a field during three 

 successive years, after which it was used as pasture- 

 ground for three years. The fine arts were not exercised 

 among the Germans, but they were acquainted with the 



