T E U 



267 



T E U 



Saxon, Frankish, or Gothic names. They are probably 

 identical with the Ossetes or Iron, an old Persian tribe in 

 the central part of the Caucasus. The country of Albania, 

 north of the Caucasus, \vas known to the Greeks and Ro- 

 mans. The Byzantines called the tract between the Terek 

 and Shirwan, Alania. (Procopius, De BeUo Goth., \. iv. ; 

 Stritter, Memoriae Popular. 'A/miiii.' in lorn. iv. ; Suhiu, 

 'ichte Her Danen. iibersetzt von Grater, i. 1 ; Xeuss, 

 sckichte dcr Ds/rtsc/ien, ' Alanen.') 



The (Juatii, who lived in Silesia and Moravia in 375, 



were a Suevian people. The Gepidae perhaps were of 



Gothic origin : their kingdom in Transylvania was de- 



;<! by Alboin, who killed Kunimund, the last king of 



the Gepidae. 



Odoacer, the commander of a band of Scyrri, or Scirri, 

 Jiugii, and Heruli. put an end to the Roman empire in 

 Italy, and was acknowledged as emperor, but he was put 

 to death by order of Theodoric the Great in 493. 



The Rugii were Gerrnani ; the origin of the Seym and 

 of the Heruli is uncertain. It has been pretended that 

 the Heruli were a Lithuanian tribe. 



Tribes within thelimitsnf Germany tr/tich lost their Inde- 

 pende-m-r under the Franks. The Bojoarii, Bojobari, Baju- 

 //ii, or Itunirians [BAVARIA], whose name became known 

 towards the year 480, were a confederation of Suevian tribes : 

 they lived between trie Danube, the Lech, and the Ens. In 

 540 they were forced to yield to the Frankish kings, and 

 were governed by dukes of the dynasty of the Agilolfin- 

 gians. Their laws, which were collected between 613 and 

 resemble the laws of the Alemanni, though they 

 contain many traces of the Roman law. (Mederer, Leges 

 Bajtivariorum, oder iilte*-' .'<//( <ifr Bajuvarier, 



&e., 1793-8.1 The T/mri/i^ii'mt occupied the country 

 north of the Bavarians as far us the Unstrut, and even be- 

 yond that river. They were related to the Goths, and 

 their name seems to resemble that of the Thervinsri, the 

 Hormunduri, and Henniones. Their last king, Hermanfiid, 

 was deprived of his crown by the Franks in 531. Charle- 

 magne is said to have made the first collection of their 

 i;ut there is no evidence in support of this statement. 

 Their code is known under the title of ' Lex An^liorum et 

 Werinorum, hoe est Thuringorum.' These Angles and 

 Warini or Werini were settled in the northern part of 

 Thuringia, but it does not appear why their names are 

 mentioned before that of the Thiirinsinns, who were the 

 more numerous nsitinn. This collection is brief and in- 

 complet". I.-ilmitz. S'T/;>,'. li<>r. Brini+t\r., i.. p. 81.) 



Tin- SAXONY] dwelt north of the 



Thuringians. On the east their frontiers were the Elbe, 

 the Stecknitz. and the Baltic: on Ihe north, Den- 

 mark, the German Ocean, and Friesland ; on the 

 they corresponded to the western frontiers of the pre- 

 sent province of Westphalia. Vv'hen they had sent 

 numerous settlers to Britain, their power became 

 formidable to their neighbours, the Wends in the 

 east and the Franks in the west. The Franks wen: 

 formerly united with them asainst the Romans, but when 

 they had conquered Gaul, the Saxons were obliged to 

 i from their incursions into this country, and hence 

 arose jeaJc; -;. The south-western parts wen' 



conquered by the !'. :irly ns K,r> ; the rich land- 



owners were compelled to (rive a considerable part of their 

 lands to Frankish nobles, and the common freemen to 

 bend under the yoke of servitude. The remaining and 

 Sjreater part of the population was free, though from time 

 ne the Saxons paid tribute, until, after the memora- 

 ble war with Duke Wittekind f772-H().'Jj, Charlemagne 

 became master of all Saxony. l!u: HM were nol 



subjugated like the Romans. They promised to adopt 

 ' Uanity, to acknowledge (.'harles a> '.heir king, and to 

 rovernors (prevcs) and bishops. On the oth<v 

 hand, Charles granted them equal \Vehre' (value of their 

 liberty in case of wounds, muni -! the 



Bume privileges which the Franks had, especially freedom 

 !e, and the privilege of being tried in their own 

 country, according to their own laws, and by their equals. 



:r.re 



, .mo <ti>ri:!ti f.M'd'Ti! FranriB, 

 I ih-ret suucorclit<:r vmu.' 



Aniimim..\\i}. '. Her. linnmr., '-., p. 153. ' 



i-'scfiickle, i. 3-40, tli 



vvork which has been published about the old Saxons in 

 Germany. 



Charlemagne was the first, king of the Saxons, who 

 formed a great confederation of free communities ; they 

 appointed dukes for their wars, and only acknowledged 

 obedience to the ' gowding ' and to ' greves,' chosen by 

 the freemen among the ' edelings' of the communities. 

 The laws of the Saxons were collected by order of Charle- 

 magne. They consist of nineteen titles, and are so short, 

 and incomplete as to justify the opinion that only a part. 

 of them has been preserved. Two ' Uapitularia' of Charle- 

 magne concern the political and ecclesiastical condition 

 of those parts of Saxony which were conquered at the time 

 of their publication, 788 and 797. This ' Lex Saxonum ' 

 must not be confounded with the ' Sachsen-Spieg_el,' the 

 ' Mirror of the Saxons,' a code of Saxon law which was 

 written in Latin and afterwards translated into the Saxon 

 language by Eicke van Rebgow, between 1215 and 1218. 

 (Gaertner, Saxonum Leges Tres. Accessit Lex Frisionum, 

 1730-4.) 



Frisians [FRISIANS]. The Frisians were brought, under 

 the Roman power by Drusus, the brother of the emperor 

 Tiberius. Olennius, their governor in A.D. 28, oppressed 

 them by fiscal measures, and they cast off the Roman 

 yoke. In the war between the Romans and O.v.dius 

 Civilis they joined the latter. When the Franks invaded 

 Gaul, the Frisians occupied some countries which were 

 abandoned by the Franks, the islands between the mouths 

 of the Scheme and the Rhine, and the present provinces of 

 Gelderland, Zutphen, and Overyssel ; and after the emigra- 

 tion of the Anglo-Saxons they gradually took possession of 

 the coast and the islands of the German Ocean as far as Jut- 

 land. In 689 they were attacked by the Franks and obliged 

 to pay them tribute. After the establishment of the German 

 kingdom, the Frisians obeyed the king femperor) as their 

 sovereign, but they chose their own judges and other 

 authorities. During the middle ages they formed the 

 powerful republic of the Seven Frisian Sealands, which 

 was broken by the counts oi' Holland, of Oldenburg, and 

 several other princes of the empire. The last independent 

 Frisians were the Dithmavschen between the Elbe and the 

 Eider, who were subjugated in 1559 by Christian III., 

 king of Denmark, and Adolphus I., duke of Holstein. 



The laws of the Frisians were collected by Charlemagne 

 under the title of ' Lex Frisionum.' (Gaertner, Sit.ronum 

 Leges Tres. Accessit Lex Frisionum.) The ' Statuta Op- 

 stalbomica,' the laws of the Seven Sealands, which are 

 wrilten in the Frisian language, arc a different collection. 

 The dialect of this language which most resembles the 

 Anglo-Saxon language is that of the northern Frisian 

 islands on the coast of Sleswig. (Clement, cited below.) 

 i-fa-Saxons. An account of their history has been 

 givrn under the heads SAXONS and ENGLAND. The first 

 settlement, of Teutonic- tribes in Great Britain previous to 

 the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons has been treated with 

 great learning by Dr. Clement, in his work ' Die Nordger- 

 manisehe Welt,' Copenhagen, 1840. The author, who has 

 travelled in all parts of Great Britain where he supposed 

 he could find traces of such settlers, has paid particular 

 attention to Caithness and the eastern coast of Scotland. 

 With this book the reader may compare Finn Magnusen, 

 Om Picternes og derns Narns Oprindelse, in 'Del Skan- 

 dinav. Litteratur-Selskabs Skrift,' 1810 and 1817. 



The following works contain full information concern- 

 ing the history of the Teutonic nations : Mascov, The 

 History of the Anticnt Germans, translated by Thomas 

 Lediard ; Gibbon, Decline and Fall ; Eichhorn, Deutsche 

 Stoats- und Rechtt-Grschichtc. ; Savigny, Geschirhti- des 

 Ro/niar/if/i I(/-r/it/>x im Mittelaller ; Grimm, Deutsche 

 Rerhts-Alterthumer, and his Deutsche Grammatill. 



The Scandinavian branch of the Teutonic nations ap- 

 pears late in history. The Sagas tell us that in the fifth 

 iry B.C. Odin led the Scandinavians to Sweden and 

 Norway : but this Odin is a god. Less fabulous is the 

 history" of a second Odin, who, in the beginning of our 

 sera, came from Asia to Scandinavia, accompanied by his 

 ' Asen,' or perhaps ' Ausen,' or fellow-warriors. The name 

 of the Suiones or Swedes was known to Pliny and to Taci- 

 tus, and Pliny knew the name of Scandia, now Scania, the 

 southern extremity of Sweden, which name gradually ac- 

 quired its present general meaning. Goths came to Scan- 

 dinavia at a very early period, and the second Odin was 

 perhaps their chief. They mixed with the Scandinavians, 

 and traces of their language, have been found in the dialects 

 of the provinces of East and West Gothland in Sweden, and 



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