T H K 



323 



THE 



uce of various victories obtained by Theodore over 

 the troops of Henry. In 1207 the emperor of Nicaea 

 was besieged by the Franks in Nicomedia, but in a sally 

 he made piisoner Count Thierry de Los, or more cor- 

 rectly Diedrik van Looz, a powerful baron from the Low 

 Countries, and a descendant of the first dukes of Lower 

 Lorraine. Henry ransomed the count by surrendering 

 several fortified towns to the emperor of Nienca. and ar- 

 rangements were made which led to the truce of 1210. In 

 thi*. year the old emperor Alexis III., who had escaped 

 from the marquis of Monteferrato, fled to Asia, to the 

 court of Sultan GhaTyath-ed-dm, and persuaded him to 

 support his claims to the throne of Nieaea, or of any other 

 part of the Eastern empire. The sultan summoned Theo^ 

 dore to restore his father-in-law to the throne, and left 

 Koniah at the head of 20.000 men. He was attacked in 

 the neighbourhood of Antioch by Theodore, who had only 

 2000 men, but who charged the Turks with such irnpe- 

 tuo-ity 1liat their lines weie broken, and they were entirely 

 defeated. GhaVvath-ed-din himself was killed by Theo- 

 dore, and old Alexis was made a prisoner r 1210). He was 

 confined to a monastery at Nieaea, where he died some 

 years afterwards. Although Theodore had acted in his 

 father-in-law's name while he was only despot e, he had 

 ascended the throne in his own name am! . risk. 



Theodore's wife, Anna, the daughter of Alexis, was then 

 dead. 



It is said that in 1214 Theodore fell into the hands oi' 

 Az-ed-din Key-kaus, the succe.-.-or ot'G'.:a'i'yiith-ed-din : but 

 this if an error, and Fallmerayer, in his work cited below, 

 has shown that it was Alexis of Trebizcnd who was made 

 prisoner by the sultan. Except one shoit campaign against 

 Henry in 1213, which was followed by a truce in 1214, 

 Theodore reigned the last ten years of his life in |. 



friends and respected by his enemies. After 

 '.he death of Anna he married Philippa, an Armenian 

 cess, whom he repudiated alter she i.ad home him n 

 and in 1_ '-hose for his third wife 



daughter ol ' 'ourtenai ( Kortryk\ emperor oi 



.n.ople after Henry, who was sister to Robert, the son 

 Theodore wished to give his 



daughter Eudoxia in marriage to Robert, who was of a 

 very mild and amiable ( :t this in; 



strontrly opposed by the Greek : Vlanuel, because 



the two emperors wvrc brothers-in-law, and it was not car- 

 ried into el':'. 



Theodore died in 1222, bring between forty-five and fifty 

 years old. in the sa>, ith Alexis I. of Trehizond. 



Although he left a son, li. hi.; brother-in- 



law John Vatatzes. One of Theodore's daughters, Maria, 

 '.vas married to Andreas, king of Hungary. 



K-etan, Alex. Com/i., a, \ cropolita, espe- 



cially cap. vi. ; Hiiturin I' '.'it., lib. in. ; Gibbon, 



'II: Le Bean, Htntoire <ln />'v A/ 

 Fallmeraver. (j/'trhichte des Kaisrrthuni* Traprzi/nt. 



THEODORUS, Sculptor. [Son-PTOM.] 



THEODO'SIUS of Bithyma or of Tripoli* in Lydia, for it 

 appears that both these descriptions are applied to him 

 though there is another Theodosiusof Tripolis, the author 

 of an obscure poem i. was a mathematician, of whom there 

 is some question whether he lived about fi ft v years before 

 Chri ' centuries after. Strabo and Vitruvins both 



mention a 1 : the latter speaks of him as the in- 



r of a dial for even' climate ^or latitude,; : if this be 

 the subject of <.-. . <! before < 'hrist. 



But on the other hand, Ptolemy does not mention him 

 :s little either way : and Suidas, enumerat- 

 ing under the head of The' shall pre- 

 . mention, adds that he was also a commentator on 



parts ot'Theudas : if this be the case, he must 



r Christ. The balance of authorities seems to 

 be in favour of the former supposition : if the writings only 

 were looked at, there would be little donlil thai 



omposed before the time of Pto! 



We Imve !i .t of Theodosius 1, S0aip(icd, Spherics, in 



1. 7Tn,i vvxn'n' Kiri iiftfftuiv, in two books: 



:,'Tf,uv. Tlie first- is a profound :i; work 



(in * hould now call spherical geometry: the 



id and third simply <! ; ronomical phcr.nmcim 



.pear in different part* of the world. It. is hardly 

 a matter of certainty that the three works have the same 

 author : the second and third add nothing to the fame of 

 the author of the first. 



The Spherics were translated by the Arabs, and from 

 their version a Latin one (of little worth) was made at 

 Venice in 1518, but whether it. was published is not staled 

 I Heilbronner). Another Latin version, probably also from 

 the Arabic, was published by Vogelinus at, Vienna, 152!), 

 with scholia. John Pena gave th'e first Greek text, with 

 Latin, Paris, 1557; and Barrow gave a Latin edition in 

 1675. But the best, edition is the Oxford one, Greek and 

 Latin, 8vo., 1707. The other works were published by 

 Dasypodins. in Latin, Strassburg, 1572, 8vo. Joseph 

 Am in published the third work in Latin, Rome, 1587; 

 and (ft/oar. I'nir.') the second, also in Latin, Rome, 1591 

 15S7. according to Fabricius) ; but Heilbronner does not 

 mention this last. (Weidler ; Heilbronner ; Delambre.) 



THEODO'SIUS I., FLA'VIUS,surnamed the Great, was 

 the son of the general Theodosius who had signalised him- 

 self greatly during the reign of Valens and Valentim'an in 

 Britain and Africa, but was put to death in A.D. 376 at 

 Carthage through the envy of the courtiers. The Theo- 

 dosii were an illustrious family of Spain, of the town of 

 Italica, near the modern Sev'ille. The great Theodosius 

 was born in A.D. 345, and was educated by the ablest, 

 men of the time, while his father, himself one of the 

 greatest generals, instructed his son in the art of war, and 

 t omed him to the strictest and severest discipline. 

 Me took him with him in his campaigns in Britain, Ger- 

 many, and Africa, and made him acquainted with all kinds 

 of warfare, so that the boy became early accustomed to the 

 endurance of hardship. The various occasions on which he 

 distinguished himself were not overlooked, and he was 

 fo the rank of duke of Moesia, with an independent 

 command. Here again he distinguished himself above all 

 the other military commanders. He vanquished the Sar- 

 matians. and it was only owing to his intrepid character that 

 e was not lost altogether. (Ammianus Mar- 

 eel., xxix. 6 ; Zosimus, iv., p. 219, &c.) After the death of 

 his lather, in A.D. 876, he obtained permission to withdraw 

 from public affairs, and retired to Cauca in Spain, where 

 i oted himself to agricultural occupations on his ex- 

 e estates, and won the affection and esteem of all 

 who came in contact with him, for he possessed no less 

 the \irtues of social and domestic life than the talents of 

 a general. But he did not remain long in the enjoyment 

 of his quiet happiness : his virtues and talents had made 

 too deep an impression to be forgotten in the hour of need ; 

 and on the 10th of January, 379, the emperor Gratian 

 raised Theodosius at Sirmium to the dignity of Augustus, 

 with the command over Illyricum and all the eastern pro- 

 of the empire. The immediate object of this eleva- 

 tion was the hope that he would save the empire from the 

 Goths, who in the preceding year had totally defeated the 

 Roman army near AJrianople, and were now ravaging the 

 country. Theodosius established his head-quarters at 

 Thessalonica in Macedonia, strengthened the garrisons in 

 those parts of the empire, and restored discipline among 

 the troops : but he only ventured upon partial engagements 

 with the enemy, and only on such occasions when he 

 Has -ure of success. He thus convinced his soldiers 

 that the barbarians were not invincible, and revived their 

 courage and their confidence. The Visi-Goths were thus 

 gradually and without any great battle driven out of 

 Thrace. While at Thessalonica, Theodosius was seized 

 wit ha severe illness. He was of a Christian family, but 

 had not yet been baptized, and he now celebrated this so- 

 lemnity by the advice of his friends, in the hope that it 

 would contribute to his recovery. When his illness had 

 disappeared, he went to Constantinople, and the first, acts 

 of his administration were to expel all the Allans from 

 the capital, to assign the churches they had occupied 

 to the orthodox Christians, and to appoint Gregorins 

 Nazian/cuus archbishop of Constantinople ' A.D. U80). His 

 persecution of the Arian sect was conducted with such 

 zeal, that orthodoxy was soon restored throughout his do- 

 minions. He then held a council at Constantinople of 150 

 bishops to complete the system, the foundation of which 

 had been laid at the council of Nicaea, and a number of 

 edicts were 9uccessi\cK issued, inllicling the severest pu- 

 nishments upon all kinds of heretics. The example of 

 these rigid persecutions was imitated in the west by 

 Gratian, and subsequently in the north also by the usurper 

 Maximus. 



As regards his Gothic enemies, Theo . indebted 



as much to his good fortune as his military talents : for 



