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THE 



warning to a person who wishes to buy Euclid in the ori- 

 ginal. Hence arises the pertinacious continuance of the 

 assertion that Theon commented Euclid : so late as the 

 article ' Theon ' in the ' Biographie Universelle,' we fine 

 this statement made ; and even more, namely, that the 

 commentary by Theon was published at the end of the 

 Basle edition of 1533, in Greek, that it was translated into 

 Latin by Commandine, and has been often republished 

 Any one who looks into the Basle edition will see that the 

 commentary at the end is by Proclus, not by Theon. 



Robert Simson, and other editors who alter according to 

 their own ideas of perfection, and then swear that they 

 have restored Euclid, always lay the blame of the sup- 

 posed alterations upon Theon : Simson's phrase is, 'Theon, 

 or some unskilful commentator.' There is no reason to 

 suppose that Theon altered Euclid : all that is known is, 

 that he added occasionally, and, if we look at those addi- 

 tions which it is certain he made, judiciously. 



THEO'PHAN'ES. a native of Mitylene, was a contem- 

 porary and friend of Pompey the Great. During the war 

 betwe'en Rome and Mithridates, when the Mitylenseans 

 supported the king and delivered up to him the Roman 

 general JManius Aquilius, Theophanes, who refused to take 

 any part in the revolt, was expelled, and went to the camp 

 of Sulla. (Velleius Pat., ii. 18.) In Italy Theophanes be- 

 came acquainted with Pompey, formed an intimate friend- 

 ship with him, and henceforth accompanied him in all his 

 expeditions. After the termination of the war against Mi- 

 thridates. Theophanes endeavoured to perpetuate the ex- 

 ploits of his friend. His history, which is now lost, appears 

 to have been a work of no mean order, for Strabo calls 

 Theophanes the most distinguished Greek of his age. Al- 

 though he is not charged with having sacrificed the 

 truth, yet he was undoubtedly anxious to w ip* off' any stain 

 that was attached to the family of his friend. Pompey is 

 said to have been so delighted with the performance, that 

 he procured Theophanes the rights of a Roman citizen. 

 (Cicero, Pro Archia, 10.) Although Theophanes had been 

 I from Mitylene, he bore no sriiidge against his 

 country, and on the return of Pompey from Asia he 

 availed himself of his influence with the conqueror, and 

 induced him to restore to the Lesbians their liberty and 

 the privileges of which they had been deprived tor having 

 supported the king of Pontus. In B.C. 59 Theophanes 

 was sent by the senate of Rome as ambassador to Ptole- 

 marus Auh-tes of Egypt, to carry to him the decree of the 

 senate, which guaranteed him the nty of his 



country. His conduct on this mission is blamed, because 

 he is said to have endeavoured to direct events according 

 to the secret wishes of Pompey. During the civil war 

 Theophanes continued faithful to his friend, and supported 

 him with his advice, and it was on his well-meant, sug- 

 u that after the battle of Pharsalus Pompey fled to 

 ! , where he was murdered. After this event Theo- 

 phanes returned to Rome, where he appears to have spent 

 the last years of his life in retirement. After his death 

 tbe Letbiani paid divine honours to his memory for the 

 benefits which he had conferred upon them. His son, M. 

 Pompi IMS Marer, held the office of praetor in the time of 

 Augustus, and was afterwards appointed governor of Asia ; 

 but in the reign of Tiberius he and his daughter put an 

 end to their own lives, in order to avoid the punishment 

 of exile to which they had been condemned. 



Theophanes was the author of several works, both in 

 pnw and in verse, but very little of them has come down 

 to us. Plutarch's Life of Pompey is chiefly based on the 

 historical work of Theophanes, and we may thus possess 

 more of it than we are aware ; but besides this we have 

 four or five fragments of it in Strabo, Plutarch, and Sto- 

 5. The ' Anthologia Graeca' (xv., n. 14 and 35) con- 

 tains two epigrams of Theophanes, and Diogenes Laer- 

 tiiis ii. 104) mentions a work of his on painting, but of its 

 nature and contents nothing is known. 



in, in the Memoires de FAcadtmie des Inscriptions 

 rf it,-!!, t-Lettren, vol. xiv., p. 143, Sec.) 

 THKO'I'H \\KS NOXNUS. [NoxNUs.] 

 THKOTHILUS, a Constantinopolitan jurist, who lived 

 in the reign of the emperor Justinian f A..D. 527-565). He 

 was a distinguished teacher of jurisprudence at Constan- 

 tinople | antecessor), and, at the command of the emperor, 

 he was employed among those who compiled the ' Digest ;' 

 and afterwards he undertook, along with Dorotheus and 

 Tribonian, to compose the ' Institutes,' that is, the elemen- 



tary treatise on jurisprudence, which was part of Justinian's 

 plan. This Theophilus is generally supposed to be the 

 author of the Greek paraphrase of the ' Institutes,' though 

 it is maintained that the paraphrase is not the work of 

 Theophilus himself, but was taken down from his lectures 

 by some pupils. It was discovered 'in the beginning of 

 the sixteenth century by Viglius ab Aytta Zuichemius at 

 Louvain, who published and dedicated it to the emperor 

 Charles V. (Basle, 1534, fol.). The work was frequently 

 reprinted during the same century, but the last and best 

 edition is that of W. O. Reitz, in 2 vols. 4to., Hagse, 1751. 

 It contains a Latin translation and the notes of previous 

 editors, together with those of Reitz ; and also a very in- 

 teresting dissertation on the obscure and much disputed 

 history of Theophilus. Theophilus also wrote a commentary 

 on the first three parts of the ' Digest,' which however is 

 now lost, with the exception of a few fragments which are 

 incorporated in Reitz's edition of the ' Paraphrase of the 

 Institutes.' The value of the paraphrase of Theophilus in 

 establishing the text of the ' Institutes ' may be estimated 

 by an examination of the edition of the ' Institutes ' of 

 Gains and Justinian by Klenze and Bucking, Berlin, 1829. 

 t'l/ix/itiitinnum D. Justiniani Sacrat. Princip. Proae- 

 mium ; P. B. Degen, Bemerkungen iiber das Zeitalter des 

 Theophilas, Liineburg, 1808, 8vo. ; Zimmern, Geschichte 

 des Rom. Priratrechts.) 



THEO'PHILUS PROTOSPATHA'RIUS (Geo^Xoc n pw - 

 ro<rW0apioc), the author of several Greek medical works, 

 which are still extant, and some of which go under the 

 name of ' Philotheus ' and ' Philaretus.' Everything con- 

 nected with his name, his titles, the events of his life, and 

 the time when he lived, is uncertain. He is generally 

 styled ' Protospat harius,' which seems to have been originally 

 a military title given to the colonel of the bodyguard of 

 the emperor of Constantinople (Spatharii, or vuifiaToiptiXaKts). 

 Afterwards however it became also a civil dignity, or at 

 any rate it was associated with the government of provinces 

 and the functions of a judge ; they possessed great au- 

 thority, and were reckoned among the Magnifici. (Further 

 information respecting this office may be found in Brisson, 

 De Verb. Sign//. ; Calvinus, Lex Jurid. ; Du Cange, Gloss. 

 Mfd. el Inf. Graecit. : id., Gloss. Med. et Inf. Latinit. ; 

 Carpentier, Gloss. Nov. ad Script. Med. Aevi; Goat, 

 Note on Georg. Codin., p. 29 ; Guidot, Note on Theoph., 

 De Urin., pp. 142, 143, 145; Meursius, Gloss. Graeco- 

 Barb.; Prateius, Lex Juris Civ. et Canon.; Suicer, 

 Thes. Eecles.} In some manuscripts however he is 

 called ' Philosophus' (Lam\)ec.,Biblioth. Vindob., lib. vii., 

 p. 3;V>, ed. Kollar.) ; in others, ' Monachus' (id., Ibid., lib. 

 vi., p. 244, 494); '' Archiater' (Codd. MSS. Theoph. De 

 Puls. ap. Ermerins, Anecd. Med. Gr.) ; or 'latrosophista' 

 ('larpotro^ioroO viol Ovpuv, ed. Fed. Morell., Paris, 1608, 

 12mo.) 



Of his personal history we are told nothing : if, as is 

 generally done, we trust the titles of the manuscripts of his 

 works, and so try to learn the events of his life, we may 

 conjecture that he lived in the seventh century after 

 Christ ; that he was the tutor of Stephanus Atheniensis 

 (Lambec., Ibid., lib. vi., pp. 198, 223 492 ; lib. vii., p. 352), 

 who dedicated his work, ' De Chrysopoeia,' to the emperor 

 Heraclius (Fabricius, Biblioth.Gnxca,yo\. xii., p. 695, ed. 

 vet.) ; that he arrived at high professional and political 

 rank, and that at last he embraced thu monastic life. It 

 must however be confessed that all this is quite uncertain, 

 for, in the first place, Freind, in his ' History of Physic' 

 (Opera, pp. 448, 449, ed. Lond., 1733), after remarking 

 bow little credit is sometimes due to the titles prefixed to 

 manuscripts, doubts whether Theophilus was ever tutor to 

 Stephanus, and thinks, from the barbarous words that he 

 makes use of (such as ipta'\iov, <rro/iofiaVi:ov, De Corp. Hum. 

 Fubr., p. 177, 1. 1, 2, ed. Oxon. ; iirox'l, rpdva, Ibid., p. 181, 

 !. 11, 12; avaKia, Ibid., p. 193, 1. 11 ; x v f* v n> iif^ftfaanc, 

 De Urin., c. 6, p. 266, 1. 34, ed. Ideler), that he probably 

 ived later. And, secondly, even if Theophilus was the 

 ;utor of a person named Stephanus, still it seems probable 

 ;hat this was not the alchemist of that name. [STEPHANUS 

 ATHKMKXSIS.] His date is equally uncertain. Some per- 

 sons (' Chronologia inconsulta,' as Fabricius says, Biblioth. 

 Greeca, vol. xii., p. (i48 n., ed. vet.) think he was the per- 

 son mentioned by St. Luke ; others place him as early as 

 ;he second century after Christ, and others again as late as 

 ;he twelfth. He is generally supposed to have lived in the 

 ime of the emperor Heraclius, who reigned from A.D. G10 



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