THE 



344 



THE 



ing t Athens, remonstrated with Critias, the nnt cruel 

 among his colleagues. This was not from a feeling of hu- 

 manity, but simply because he saw that the im-itsi. 

 the Thirty would ruin them. Critias was uncon. 

 about all consequences, and Theramenes gave way. K. 

 pealed warnings on his part created s..mc icar'l 

 should betray them and join the popular party, for he 

 was notorious for his political incon- 1 >i which he 



is said to have received the nirknaine of Cothurni. 

 shoe which tits either foot). At the same time the Thiity 

 became sensible of their dangerous position, and in older 

 to strengthen themschcs they made out a list of 30UO 

 Athenians on whom a kind of frnnchi.se \\as conferred, 

 while all the remaining Athenian-- were treated as outkiw.s. 

 Theramenes again was dissatisfied with these proceedings, 

 but the tyrant> upon disarming the Athenians, 



with the exception of the three Hum-ami and the kn 

 The reckless cruelty and avarice of the Thirty grew 

 worse every day, and it was determined that each of 

 them should .select out one rich alien who was to be 

 put to death, and whose property should be taken by hi* 

 murderer. Theramenes refused to have any share in this 

 crime. This refusal increased the fears of his colleagues, 

 and excited their hatred against him, and they resolved 

 to get rid of him before lie could become a dangerous 

 enemy. An accusation was brought against him in the 

 name of the Thirty by Critias before the council. He was 

 charged with being hostile to the existing government, 

 and with betraying its interests. Therameiu's defended 

 himself, and made such an impression upon the council, 

 that it appeared willing to acquit him. Critias perceiving 

 this, called into the council-chamber an armed band 

 of his followers, whom he had kept in readiness out- 

 Mile, and conversed for a few moments with his colleagues. 

 Hereupon he declared that with the consent of his friends 

 he erased Theramenes from the list of the Thirty and of 

 the three thousand, and that he might now be condemned 

 to death without trial. Theramenes rushed to the Hestia 

 (the altar of Vesta), and conjured the members of the 

 council to protect him, and not to allow Critias to dis- 

 pose of the lives of citizens; but the herald of the 

 Thirty called in the Eleven (the executioners), who ap- 

 prehended Theramenes and led him away to punishment. 

 The council was struck with amazement at this bold move- 

 ment, and Theramcnes was hurried across the Agora by 

 Satyrus and the Eleven to prison. \Yhen he hud drunk 

 the poison which was administered to him, he dashed the 

 cup with the last few drops to the ground, and said, ' This 

 is to the health of mv dear Critias.' This happened in B.C. 

 404. 



The manner in which Theramem-s died has been admired 

 by antient and modern writers. But his fortitude was not 

 based on the consciousness of a virtuous life, and he no 

 more deserves admiration than a criminal to whom death 

 is a matter of indifference. Thucydides (viii. 08) says of 

 him that he was not wanting in eloquence and ability. 

 Whether he wrote any orations is uncertain. (Cicero, De 

 (irat., ii. 22; Brut., 7.) He is said to have instructed 

 Isocrates (Dionysius Hal., I^n-mt., \.\ and to have written 

 on rhetoric. It may be true therefore, as Suidas says, that 

 he wrote declamations ; but it is much more probable that 

 Suidas confounds him with a late sophist, Thcramem s of 

 Ceos. (Eudocia, 231 ; Fabric-ins, Bibliuth. Grace., ii. 748 ; 

 Huhnken, Hint, frit. Oral. Graec., p. 40, &c.) 



\cnophon, Hellen.. ii. 3 ; Plutarch. .Y/cm.v. -J : Scholiast 

 on . Aristoph. A T 6., SCO; Ranae, 47, 540; Diodoru- 

 xiii. 38, &c. ; Thirlwall, History o/ Green-, vol. iv. ; K. 

 1'h. Hinriehs, De Th*rameni,Criliae, et Thrasybuli Kflmi 

 ft Infenio, Hamburg, 1820, 4to.) 



THERAPEUTICS constitute that department of me- 

 dical science which relates to the composition, the applica- 

 tion, and the modes of operation of the reined 

 diseases. Its chief objects are the materia medica, or 

 medicines properly so called [MATKUIA MEDIC A] ; but it 

 includes as subordinate parts hygiene and dietetics, of 

 which the particular purpose is the application of die 

 atmospheric and other ordinary non-medical influences, to 

 the preservation or recovery of health. 



1 HKRESIKNSTADT (Maria^Theretitnttadt, Maria- 

 Thert*ianopl,^:<nt '; ///./, Szitlxilirzu) is a very 



large town in 'the county of Does, iu Hungary, 24 miles 

 from Sxegedin, in a plain called 'I <-<\ the high 



rot/1 to &mlin, in f & N. lat., and 10" 40* E-. long. 



;he battle of Mohacs in lii'Si. the Turks built a fort 

 on the place where the town now stands. The Turks 1 

 totally defeated at /enta, in Ki'Jti, by I'm. 

 place was, by the cmpcior -orilc- Lh fourteen 



redoubts, and the defence of th- 

 confided to the inhabitants. In 1743. as a n 

 lor eminent military services, it was made 

 town or borough, by the name n. 

 privileges; nd the population continual!', 

 the iuiiuigr.it 1011 of Roman Catholics and sc: 



i i.dmatiu and Bosnia, and this borough ha-, 

 ruishcd iUclf by its lojalty to the cmprc 

 Theresa, it was raised to the lank of a liee city 1 

 January. 177'.'. 



Next to Pcsth and Debrec/.in Thcrcsieiistadt i* the la 

 town in Hungary; yet it is, not ])roj)erly a town, 

 rather an assemblage of villages. It is new and clean, but 

 built without any regularity, and so : iat many 



houses might be erected 'iu the vacant N iu 



the streets. Pirch says it is a good quarter of au hour's 

 walk from one end of the market-place to the otl 

 but. though new and clean, it has a melanchol . 

 appearance. There are a few considerabl- 

 the principal parish church of St. Theresa, the I 

 church, and the handsome Greek church, the Gymnasium, 

 the town-house, and the barracks. The town pos-- 

 a more extensive territ ny other town in ihe ! 



dom, the area being fJ.">0. or. a . ! 



square miles in extent. (Stein makes it . 

 miles.) The whole population does not muni, 



of whom 35,000 are in the tow. 



is very thinly peopled, there being only three villages 

 in it. The southern part of the territory "produ- 

 barley, oats, and maize ; the northern part is sandy, 

 but trees of various kinds have been planted under tlie 

 direction of a competent person. The breeding of cattle 

 is very flourishing, and numerous herds and flocks, 

 studs of horses, constitute the riches of the inhabit 

 who carry on a brisk trade in wool, cattle, hor- 

 and raw hides. There are no manufactories, but Un- 

 people work at their own houses, chiefly for the supply of 

 the town itself. Many follow ii 



tanners, and the women make linen and carpets. They 

 are peculiarly skilful in the art of dyeing: tin 

 from a large weed or herb, the name of which is not 

 known, the red, green, and black dyes for the worsted of 

 which their carpets are made. 



(Thiele, pea Konigreich Ungam ; Blnmenbach. 

 Oesterreichinchc. Monarch;'': 1> Aa- 



tnitiiil r'.iii-i/rlnpiiilir : .Jenny, llnndlii 



THERI'ACA (Oqpinca ) was the name given original ; . 

 the anticnts to all those medicines which were 

 ;:- antidotes to the bite of venomous animals 

 those which counteracted poisonous dnigs we 

 d\iK'fapfiai:a (Galen, Comment, in Iliripoci-. 'De Alim.,' 

 lib. iii., cap. 7, torn. xv.,p. 27'J, ed. Kiinn ; id.. ' 

 i/i lli)>]K,cr. De Morb. Vulgar. VI..' lib. %i.. cap. fi. turn, 

 xvii., ])t. ii., p. 337): afterwards however the wort! s. 

 to have been somewhat restricted in it- --ignitication. or at 

 least Otifiiatii in the singular number'] is applied to one 

 jiarticuiar com]iound.while at the same time this one drug 

 was considered to be a safeguard not only against the i 

 of venomous animals, but also against poisonous drugs and 

 unwholesome food. (Galen, De An/id., lib. i.. c. 1, torn. 

 \i\.. p. 1., Many of these old preparation- ivcd 



in the writings of the antient plivsicians. hut of the 

 will be enough to mention here the two nu 

 the Milhndiitiiun (Widpifaniov, or 'Arritorof Mi0p(JaVioc), 

 and the Theriarii Andronmrhi. 



The Mithridatium received its name from the great 

 Milhridates, king of Pontus, who had fflfec- 



tation of superior skill in the powers of simples. He 



;iie effects of these upon condemned m; 

 and, finding that different drugs counteracted dim-rent 

 poisons, he thought that, by putting all of them to- 

 gether, he should be able to make a compound that 

 would render him secure against > that could be 



given him. (Galen, !> .Intnl., p. i. Accordingly he is 

 commonly said to have s,, fortified his own body by the 

 constant use of this antidote, that he afterwards tried ill 

 vain to put an end to his life ; but this, if true, ' was pro- 

 bably,' as Dr. Hebcrden says (Antilhcr., p. 10), ' less owing 

 to the strength of his antidote than to the weakness of his 



