T H I 



378 



T H I 



setiBt.-nr.il tho magistracies with their own friends and 



. code of laws which th. 



drew \er made, tlnit they might nut put am 



>nts upon ' . and might always be at liberty 



:.-y pleased. A -tins: often 



moil, perhaps appointed by I.ysander liiinsclr. \\a.s in- 

 trusted with tlic government . Tlir oh/ 

 the l ' us to (lie condition ol' nn 

 unimportant town, and to make the people forget the 



.,-- in which it had been raised byThenn- 



fho splendid arsenal of \ 



pulled do-. . .-r.il ui' the fortresses of Attica were 



dosti 'isli their Uranny the Thirty found it 



riil of a numl -ns obnoxious to 



them. Tin- first that wore put to death were the syco- 

 phants, who during the time of the democracy had con- 

 tributed i: .throw by their shameful 

 praet 'lie senate, as well as every well-mcaninir 

 citi/en, was glad to see the republic delivered of such a 

 pestilence 1 . The senate acted in the.-e trials as the 

 supreme court of justice, and the Thirty presided in it. 

 AH the votes of the senators however wen 1 gi-.cu openly, 

 that the (wants misrht be able to sec which way each senator 

 voted. This mode of proceeding, though it was at first 

 onU directed against individuals equally obnoxious to all 

 parties, became alarminir when all the distinguished men, 

 who had been imprisoned before the day on which the new 

 constitution was established, in order that they might not 

 frustrate the plans of the oligarchs by their oppo-it ion, were 

 in like manner sentenced to death. The apprehensions of 

 the people were but too well founded, and Critias, the 

 most cruel among the Thirty, gave sufficient indications 

 that the Tyrants did not mean to go on with the same 

 moderation. That they might aiwa\s have at band an 



I force to support them, they sent an embassy to 

 Sparta to ask for a garrison to occupy the Acropolis. 

 Tins was granted, and came under the command of Calli- 

 bius as harniostes. His arrival rendered the Thirty secure. 

 They courted the Spartan hannostcs in the most ob- 

 sequious manner, and he in return placed his troops at 

 their disposal for whatever purpose they might wish to 

 employ them in establishing their dominion more firmly. 

 The assistance of the senate in the trials for political 

 offences began to be dispensed with, and the number of 

 the unhappy victims increased at a fearful rate. Not 

 only persons who opposed or showed any dissatisfaction 

 with the rule of the Tyrants, but all who liy their merits 

 had piined favour with the people, were regarded as 

 dangerous persons, who, if they could choose, would piefer 

 .alar government, and were condemned to death in a 

 very summary manner. Tho reign of the Thirty now 

 bewail to display all its horrors, and no one could feel 

 safe. To be possessed of wealth, especially in the case 

 ofali .fficient to bring a man to ruin, for the 



tyrants, independent of all political considerations, I 

 t'o murder for no other purpose than that of enriching 

 themselves by the confiscation of the property of their 

 victims. The remonstrances of Therameiies against this 

 reckless system of bloodshed were not followed by any 

 other consequence* than that the Thh 1 : :!iK)ii 



Athenians who were to enjoy a kind of franchise, and who 



. not be put to deatli without a trial before the senate. 



The rest Of the Cltizei impelled to uue up their 



arms, and were treated as outlaws. By this expedient the 

 Thirty hoped to strengthen t; and to become 



incident of the Spartan garrison. The opposi- 

 tion ot Thcramonc-. to this arrangement involved bis own 

 destruction. [TllBlLV i he horrors which were now 



perpetrated became every day more numerous and fearful. 

 and numbers of Athenians fled from their native country 

 to seek refuge at Argos, Megara. Thebes, and other 

 placi n't with an hospitable and kind rcccp- 



The tyrants soon began to be uneasy at the crouds 

 of exiles who thus gathered round the frontiers of Attica, 

 and applied to Sparta to i: The Spartans issued a 



ring the Thirty to arrest the 



in any part of G elding any ((reeks' 



interfere on their behalf. This command was entirely 



disregarded by the < , i-cially the Thehiins. who 



declared that the Athenian fugitives should I 



1 and protected in all the towns of Hosotia. Tl 



whose mode of action was not dictated by a generous and 



humane I but 



rather arose fiom jo: /., thus became the 



rallying point for n great numl 



i>riiing. In what manner 



the rule of the Thirty T; >wn, 



and the dcnii.eratieal constitution 

 Mole TilK.vsviM 



iiiphon. //'//,;;., ii. '.i ; Diodorus. xiv. 3, 8 

 Thirl, e, i\ .. ]). 17-1. & 



THIRTY TYRANTS under >,' 



This name has I to a set of usurpers who sprung 



up in vario the Unman empire in the 



Tins 



appellation of the Thi: . in imitation of the Thiity 



Tyrants of Athens, is highh improper, and 1 .iiogy 



to the Thirty of Athcn-.' They lose m different ; 

 assuming the title of emperor, in irregular - 

 and were pift down one after another. Their number 

 moreover does not amount to thirty, unless women and 

 children, who were honoured with the imperial title, 

 included. Trebellins Pollio, who, in his wink on the Tri- 

 ginta Tyranni.' describes the adventures of each of ' 

 has taken great pains to make out that their number 

 was thirty. There were however only nineteen real nsiir- 

 pers, ('\iiadcs. Macii::nns. Balis'a. Odcnatlms. and '/.<- 

 nobia. in the eastern provinces; Posthumns, I. oil: 

 Victorinus and his mother Victoria, Marius, and Tot 

 in Gaul, Britain, and the western provinces in go: 

 Ingemuis, Hegillianus, and Bureohis. in Ilhrienm ai 

 count; ;hc Danube: Saturninns. in 1'ontus: Tre- 



bellianus, in Isauria : 1'iso. inThe.siU : \alons.inAe. 

 Aemilianns, in Kgypt ; and (Vlsii-, in Africa. Th. 

 jority of these usurpers were persons of low birth, wr 

 any talent or virtue, and scarcely any on 

 a natural death. The best among tliem were 1'iso and 

 Oderrathns, and the latter, who maintained himself at Pal- 

 myra, received the title of Augustus from the Uoman senate, 

 and was enabled to bequeath his empire to his widow, the 

 celebrated Zenobia. 



(Trebellius Pollio, Trigiiita Tyranni ; Gibbon, 

 of the Declu/f and lull. chap. \. : Man-o, I. 



&tiiii//n'\ a . ]). 4:<:i. x 



THIRTY YKAUS- WAR is the name of that memo- 

 rable contest which lasted from K11K to 1<; , n the 

 emperor and the Uoinau < of Germany on 

 one side, and the Protestant stales, with their allies, 

 mark, and afterwauls Sweden and Franco, on the 

 side. Spain, Holland, and Transylvania also took part in 

 it, but their interference was less direct. This long struggle 



has generally been considered a religious war. 1 

 indeed its origin in religious differenec.-. but political 

 ambition afterwards became the real motive of the con- 

 tending parties, and religion was used to veil tile d< 

 of the leaders, and to keep up the enthusiasm of ihe 

 people. The Thirty Years' War arose out of the si, 

 political and religions confusion into which the German 

 empire was thrown b\ the Hi-formation, and which in the 

 beginning uteonth century had become so in- 



extricable, that a civil war, without foreign intcifci 



illy the shortest if not the only means to 



uin. 



In understanding of the history of 



the Thirty Year-' \\ar. we shall iir-1 cm- a short view of 

 the state of rch political alt'ans in Germany 



dining the latter part of the, sixteinth century. 



When the war between Charles V. and Maurice elector 

 of Saxony was terminated l.\ the IreaU of Passui 

 and after the conclusion of the Second IV: Ivion 



l.'i.Vi , the memory of the dangers from which Germany 

 had escaped preserved the empire during a long p, 

 from the calamity of a new religious war. The Proli 

 religion was propagated, without am uolcnoc. in i 



provinces which had until then been faithful to Komi 



early as 1.1.SO the most powerful hereditan princes of the 

 empire, i \ocpt the archdukes o! ml the duke,- of 



Bavaria and of ('loves, were all converted to the docilities 

 of Luther; the Koman Catholic , .d even tin- ( ni- 



perots Ferdinand L. and Maximilian II.. '1 to 



make many concessions in religious matters in order to 

 In i p i ; is in ohedii 



liy the Second Peace of Hehgion the princes had ac- 

 ijnired the ' HIS reforiuandi,' iha-l is. the light of jiruteoting 



