T H I 



878 



T II I 



Cmlvimsts. Suddenly :ci .1,111. -i p.ui\ of Bohemian noble*. 



11 tin- room 



nert andtl a.scinbled. 



isMartinitz 



henna, and they and 



thru, 

 ami 



T!u- happened mi ', -, and this day is 

 justly ic'_'.udcd ;is the bc;:ininni; ot the TlilrU Years' War. 



The conduct nl tin- Bohciii .!> tin- Imperial 



com 1 '-.I- bv in -in act <il i i-hness Of 



anger. The party of the Utiaiu;, ->lvcd 



upon it, because they wanted In i;ivc the signal for iin in- 



.'. ill.'ll bad tl. alllOU!* all 



tin' 1' ,f Bohemia anil her dependent provinces 



Mora ilia, a* well a> ,e of 



the archduchy Tilt- inurifents immediately 



organised ;i rcirular administration of the kingdom. They 

 also levied an army, which wa> commanded by the count 

 ,ud whirh was icirfiirccd by a hod) of the troops 

 ot' tin- Union, commanded by Christian, prince of Anhalt, 



1 his time. The emperor 

 Jillh <if March. IGlil , and 



:aml II.. aivluh.Kc ot Austrian v ! liim 



as emperor. Pnvi,m-\ lo tbj lie 2Nt of May, 



crowned o future .-; 

 Matthias in Bohemia. 



The leaders nf the Union encouraLred tlie Bohemians 

 to further , h Ferdinand II. promised 



rclidoiw liberty to all tl, its of Hoheinia, tliey 



nevertheless sent their troops agaiwl him, and declared the 

 throne vacant. Frcdiric!, palatine, the son-in- 



law of James I. ol' England. as chosen tun:,' ut' Bohemia, 

 and he was crowned ut Prague on the 4th of November, 

 liil'.t. In the mean time the count of Thurn had mad- 

 progress in Austria. In the month of .Inly. lOlil, he was 

 under the walls of Vienna, and. although this city was re- 

 lieved, he remained with his army in the adjacent country. 

 There he was joined by Betlen (labor, the sovereign prince 

 of Transylvania, who had overrun Hunirai y and vv bo took up 



his winter-quarters in ith the count of 



Thurn. In the same winter Hil'.i Ki2ii the new kins; of 

 Bohemia made a defensive and offensive alliance with the 

 ol' Hungary, and he proposed a si- 

 milar alliance to Sultan Ahmed I. This imprudent and 

 unpatriotic policy made bis cause unpopular among all 

 parties in Germany. 



Ferdinand II. took vigorou* though arbitrary i: 

 recover Bohemia and her dependencies, those extensive and 

 rich countries which are now inhabited by upwards of ten 

 millions of inhabitants. The pope, Spam, Bavaria, and 

 even the Protestant elector of Saxony, promised their 

 nee to the emperor. In the autumn of Hi'JO the 

 Lower Palatinate was occupied by the Spaniards under 

 Spinola : the dnke of Havana overran the Upper Palatinate 

 and entered Itohemia: John G ot' Saxony 



(since Kill . conquered I.nsatia; and AuMiia 

 by the emperor himself, who had made peace with Betlen 

 Gabor. At !a-t the i: commanded by their duke 



and the celebrated Tilly, forced the Bohemians to make a 

 stand on the V. _r under the walls of I' 



Then ,iletely defeated on the Mill of Novem- 



ber, 10aO. Frederick tied from his capital, and after a short 

 tay in his second capital. Bre.slan, he abandoned his kinj- 

 di.m and took refuse in Holland. 



Bohemia, with all her dc|> m the hands 



of the emperor, who rewarded Ins ally, the 

 Saxony, with the province of I.n^itia. He punished the 

 mians severely . V u r ieat number of i, 

 and their 



iiiber of fugitives wen- contiscate.l ; but an 

 -|uoad vitamet honoreiu') was ^'iveii on the 4th 



all tho*' who bad not been ciind. 

 before that day. The Lutheran andCalvim-t nm 



x-d, and their churches were ihnt up; but not 

 of ll ' IIIIL; the Ntajestiits-Biiel ' 



' 'I IK Roman OathoUei iren restored to all 



UMirriKfaU; and the university of Prague and the whole 

 aUonal education were put und.-r the direction of the 

 JuU. The emperor then put king Frederick under tin- 



ban of the empire, declared hia electorship to be for:. 

 and proposed the dn 

 This pic, position IIOVM 



m, Yfho conadi I'anishmeiit of KredencU 



^al because the conm-il ot 



ally pronounced it according to the constitution of th 

 emin 



Tlie power of the emperor increased ao much by hi* 

 coni|iie-t of Bohemia, ami the K "iic stale* were 



h enco\iraifed. that they claimed those 

 abbeys, and churches which had been reforn 

 -inee the Second Peace of Religion. 



Bel liohcmirv v, i I\"., 



kinir of Denmark and duke of 1 



northern Germany, and the ainbiosiulo. land, 



'i. and the United States of the Netherlands, held a 

 congress at Seireberir m Holstem for the pi ;,]mi- 



in^ an alliance against any ambition- 

 peror. After the battle on the \Vei.sse I' 



rick also ca . and claimed th, 



of the northern princes in order to recover his 

 These princ , r had assembled cx< 



own interests. The bishopric's of I.ubei k 

 Verden. of Scbvverin, of Halberetadt, an, 

 had been bestowed on youmrcr M)ns of the reiirniui; b 

 of Holstein and of Brnnswicli, and 1 

 them if the Roman Catholic party had i 



Mem. Frederick therefore found only one li 



iiristian, duke of Brunswick and 'bishop of 11 

 stadt, an unprincipled man, who lovi 



land, the wifeoftne unhappy kins; of the Boheiniaii*. ajul 

 svvore he would die for her. With a - 

 entered the Palatinate. He. was beaten by Tilly at I 1 

 (tith June. 1022 . Christian now joined the count of Mans- 

 fcld, a man not less unprincipled than himself, and 

 retired to northern Germany as far as 

 They plundered and robbed friends as well :^ 

 but, pressed bv Tilly, they disbanded their i tied 



to Knirlaud December, lu'lit . Maximilian of 1!;, 



^ been chosen elector at the diet of lli-i. and Tilly 

 bt-ini; then in possession e northern bishojiiies, 



kini; Christian concluded an alliance with England and 



nited States of the Netherlands for the purpose of 

 obtainini; subsidies for the war which he intended to 

 declare airaiii-t tlie i-ni])eror. Christian of Halbe 

 and the count of ManslVld promised their assistance. The 

 former went to France and levied troops there, and Mans- 

 feld, who had obtained a commission as an Er.: 

 ral. levied a strong force in England. They united i. 

 Netherlands, and. al'ter many adventures and dar 

 Mansfeld succeeded in joining the duke of Mecklen 

 who w:us an ally of the kins: of Denmark. Mear 

 the latter kin:r bad been appointed eommander-in-chii t ol 

 the united forces of the ciicle of I , ny, and. tboui.'h 



the greater part of the ])rinces of this circle shortlj 



made their peace with the emperor, the kinir ad- 

 vanced into Hanover, where Tilly was ready to receive him 



The emperor was then in a very embarrassed situation. 

 The war in northern Germany was carried on by the 

 troops of th nl principally by those, of li;r 



commanded by Tilly, who was at the same time com- 

 mandcr-in-chict of the force* of the Union. The duke 

 of Bavaria had consequently an immense influence in 

 public: nll'nirs ; the emperor was obliged to cede to bun the 

 it of ins archduchy as an in- 



demnification for his expenses in the Bohemian war. and 

 to appoint him bis biirh commissioner in the clectom 

 the Palatinate. On the other > Inland 11. v\:,-. 



threatened by the count of Mansfeld, who uas ll:, 

 lift head of a atroni; army in the duchies of Me, 

 and who was ready to invade 1. 

 join Betlen Gabor. prince of T 



had airain taken nun- . and there was only 



a small lnly of Imperial troops to check him. 



Albrechl "of Waklstein [\V\ii : the 



Thirty \ears' War. SJIV.M! the cinpcior and pi. --crM'd the 

 empire. Known sts a skilful general, and in possession of 



iuke of Kiiedland in 



In 1 ( ;_.-! Kerdmand II. ap]iMiiited him eommaiidei- 

 in-chief of an Impeiial :\nn\ which did . but 



winch was created by VValdstein in a very short time. 



