T H I 



360 



T H I 



ho engaged himself to cam- on the war against Austria 

 with 10,000 cavalry mul 30,000 fi>ot,on tin- condition of an 

 anni: "l -MIO,(KX) thalers. Meantime In- sum- 



tcstant princes to join him, but when 

 Membled at Leipzig (10th of Fcbraary to 12th of April. 

 Hill they declared the king of Sweden an intruder, and 

 they promised to a-ssist tlic emperor \\itli all their i 



p, duke cil' Bnuiswick Liinchurg, was the only 

 prince who joined the Swedes, m the hope of obtain- 

 ing some ecclesiastical territory as an addition to his 

 Vcciv cd in his pro- 



ant faith attacked ( : 'liam. 



elector of Unit .ho was his brother-in-law and 



one of the first Protestant princes of the empire. He com- 

 1 him to surrender his fortress of Spamlau, and he 

 then made an alliance with the citv of Magdeburg. 



This rieh and populous Imperial town joined the Swedish 

 party for the purpi - i'ing the dancer of being 



nceiipied by the Imperialists, who were ordered to defend 

 that fortress against the Swedes. Kor this conduct Mag- 

 deburg was put under tin ban of the empire. Tilly having 

 been chanted to execute the ban. and to take the town by 



the citizens of Magdeburg hoped to be n 

 by the king of Sweden, who had promised his assistance, 

 but Gustavus durst not advance as far as the Elbe, unless 

 his rear was secured by an alliance with the electors of 

 Brandenburg and of Saxony. Magdeburg was taken by 

 storm by Tilly and Pappeuhcim. whose troops plundered 

 the town during three davs and dest roved it by fire (20th 

 of .May. l(i;il . The unhappy fate of this opulent town was 

 made the subject of a charge against the king of Sweden, 

 who however had pained such influence over the princes 

 of northern Germany, that his political credit was in no 



. eakened by this event. He forced the elector of 

 Brandenburg to conclude an alliance with him : he drove 

 the Imperial garrisons from Mecklenburg, and restored the 

 dukes; and he ravaged the electorate of Saxony until the 

 elector surrendered his towns and concluded a defensive 

 and offensive alliance with (itistavus Adolphus 14th of 

 September, 1631). Previously to this, William V., land- 

 grave of Hesse-Cassel, had voluntarily attached himself to 

 the Swedes, for the sole purpose of profiting by the 

 confusion into which the empire was thrown by their in- 

 terference. Hernhard, duke of Saxe-Weimar. offered his 

 services as general to Gustavus Adolphus. and he was 

 immediately put at tli part of the Swedish army. 



While the king of Sweden thus had his power increased 

 by the forced or voluntary adherence of the princes, Tilly 

 reinforced his armv, and occupied Leipzig. But on the 

 17th of September, liw N. S.), Tilly lost the battle of 

 Leipzig against the united force- of the Swedes and Saxons ; 

 and such was the disorganization of the Imperial army, that 

 Gustavus Adolphus found no enemy to oppose his march 

 to southern Germany. However, instead of invading the 

 hereditary states of the emperor, the king of Sweden con- 

 quered the bishoprics of Wurzburg and Bamberg in Frnn- 

 conia. which he intended to keep for himself. He then 

 took the archbishopric of Main/ and the Palatinate, but 

 did not restore it tn ter, the ba 



of Bohemia. Frederick V. At last he marched to 



ia. and forced his wayacio-s the l.ecli after :i bloody 



victory over the Bavarians, who lost ther general, Tilly 



il. lliii'^ . Aui'-bnrg. a free lni])erial towu.wa's 



i to pay homage to ' \<l.>]phus. who on the 



7th of May made In- mto Munich, the capital of 



During tbi time 1 . thecompulson allies 



of tb' iable part of Bohemia 



and Silesia. The great d. - G "Iphus now 



became manliest. He proposed to George William, elector 



indcnburg, that Krederick William, the elector's son. 

 :d marry his only daugliter Christina. Frederick Wil- 

 liam WM thus to become ma-tcr of Sweden. Finnland, 



inannlanil. F.-thonin. I.ivonia, Ctirland. Prussia. Bian- 

 denbiirg. Mccklcnlmig. Pomerania, of the bishop 

 Kainberg. Wijrzburg. Mainz. Magileburg, Hsilbi-i 



r. !ind Worms, of the Palatinate, and of all the conn- 

 tnen which the king hoped to conquer in southern ('r 

 ninny. But this biilliant offer was refused by ( 

 \\ilham. It ii said that this prince, who wn- 

 Calvinut, would not allow Ins s,,,, to become a Lutheran. 

 diti.in of tins marringe being to assist the 

 King of Sweden in his designs on the Imperial crown, it 



seems that the elector refused the proposals, because he 

 would not make himself the instnuueir 



The emperor was then in tin He 



had no army to oppose to -. and if he had hail 



one. the only general who. -after Tilly's death, was able to 

 lead it with success Hgainsi ' Vlnlplm-. Wa!.: 



had been deprived of his rank as commander-in-chicf, 

 and had become a deadly enemy of the emperor. 1 

 nand was obliged to humiliate himself before his \ 

 and at last Waldstcin consented to resume tin- command 

 of the Imperial armv . , but U it 



and independent master. This army however did not 

 exist, but was to be created by Waldstein. 



When Gustavus Adolphus occupied Miini< -h. Wali: 

 had already levied a strong body of troops, with which he 

 expelled the Saxons from Bohemia. 'Hie defeat of his 

 ally obliged the king i 'o relinquish the atta- 



Austria, to leave Bavaria, and to hasten to tin 



.<>ny. then exposed to the victorious Impcri; 

 lie made a stand at Nuraberg, in order to o Im- 



perial army .January, 1032'. In the month of .luly Wald- 

 stein arrived at Fu'rth, near Ni'imbcrg. and took u] 

 ui, by which he checked the king, and i- 

 the supplies of provisions which were destined for the 

 Swedish camp. Gustavus Adolphus assaulted the cam]) of 

 Aersary on the 24th of August, but his troops were 

 driven back with great slaughter: and the king, seen 

 army exposed to hunger and disease, left his camp on the 

 8th of September, and retired to Sa\on\. Waldstcin fol- 

 lowed him, and in the month of October both the a: 

 were in Saxony. Waldstein divided his army into two b- 

 in order to enter into winter-quarters, thinking that the 

 '. king of Sweden had renounced hostilities for that winter. 

 But on the (ith of November lie va* suddenly attacked by 

 the Swedes at J.iitzcn. a small town in the environs of 

 Leipzig, and he lost the battle in consequence of a part of 

 his army having been separated from the main body. 

 This victory however was fatal to tli. 



of the death of Gustavus Adolphns. who was killed ; and 

 the battle v i by Bcrnhard. <! -Weimar, 



whoimmcii the command of the Swedish armv. 



Waldstein retired to Bohemia, where' lie remained. Strangely 

 inactive, although he soon repaired bis losses at the 

 of Liitzcn. 



The death of Guslavus Adolphus did not lessen the 

 edes, nor change their polities : the chan- 

 cellor OxciMienia directed their atl'airs with the same 

 and the same skill a-, the late king : and the new ; 

 ralis-iino, Bernhard of Saxi'-Weimar. wa-. one of the ino-t 

 <listinguisheil captains of his time. In 1033 Oxenstierna 

 concluded an alliance with the states of the cii. 

 Suabia, of Franconia, of the I'pper Khinc. and of the Lower 

 Khine. and duke Bernhard got , 

 Waldstein however dest roved the Swedish armv 

 conquered I.n-atia. and entered into negotiations for the 

 purpose of concluding a separate pi are with Biamlcnburg 

 and Saxony, those compulsory allies of the Swedes, wim 

 were afraid of the dangers to which Germany w . 

 bv the Swedish protection of the Protestant church. But 

 Waldstcin. whose pride heeann insupportable, anil whose 



I of high treason l>- 



numerous enemies : and he was assassinated in the midst 

 of his armv, on the i"ith of February. !(>.'M. Ferdinand of 

 the emperor, succeeded Wald- 

 stein as commander-in-chicf of the Imperial and Bavarian 

 armies: his lieutenants w .mil John von \\ 



both experienced generals. Reinforced bv a cor; 

 Spaniards, he attacked the Sw, i the 



7th of September. 1(1:14. The Swedes were routed, their 

 1 1, Horn, was made prisoner, and southern Germany 

 fell into the hands of the Imperialists, who. though tin 

 acted heavy contributions from the Protestant mhabi' 

 ie-peeted the liberties of the Prote-taut church. The 

 Protestant princes of southern Germany, who Imped to 

 iidize their states by means of the Suedes, were 

 linted bv the defeat of their protectors; but they 

 found another powerful ally, who v ready to 



encourage (lie German princes in their rebellious under- 

 takings airainst the authority of their emperor. Tins ally 

 .anee. !.' llor of the duke of 



Wiirtcmberg. and Streif, n privy counsellor of the mar- 

 grave of Baden, negotiated an alliance between their 



