1 II 1 



382 



T H I 



France h;id levied H , h was put under the 



roinmand 



lllldc 



attacked the Imperialists under Mercv, who. nllant 



nee and Mirious success, v 



the east of the Black Forest, leaving Ihe Palntmate, Alsace, 

 nnd Baden in the hands of the French autumn, 1044 >. The 

 Imperialists were still more unfort ! Germany. 



Torst. 'hem am! - nt Jankau in 



a bloody battle -(itli of March. li>-t."> , ami thi-ir ircneral. 

 HaUfcld, was made prisoner. In one campaign Torsten- 

 son made himself master of Sile-iii and Monma. iind en- 

 camped near Vienna: and his lieutenant. Kiinicsmark, 

 i-onquered the bishoprics of Bremen and Verden. Tlie 



<r of Saxony,and the elector of Brandenburg, Frederick 

 William, who liad succeeded hi* father Georire William 

 in 1640, renounced their alliance with the emperor, and 

 made their separate peace with Sweden: nnd their ex- 

 ample was followed hv Maximilian, elector of Bavaria. 

 This hitherto faithful ally abandoned the emperor in 1C47. 

 after the victory of Tureiine at Allerheim. and after the con- 

 quest of Suabia by Tureiine, who advanced towards Miinich. 

 The defection of "the elector of Bavaria excited the discon- 

 tent of his army, and was considered an act of hiirh 



11 by his trenerals. John von Werth, the idol of the 

 soldiers, conceived the plan of putting the Bavarian army 

 under the command of the emperor, and of seizins: the 

 elector and his ministers for the purpose of Confining them 

 in order to secure their fidelity. The plot was betrayed at 

 the moment when it was to have been carried into effect. 

 But John von Werth escaped, and Ferdinand created him a 

 count of the empire. This event was followed by a victory 

 of the Swedes at Susmarshauseu, near Augsburg (7th of 

 1048'. Kiiniifsniark, their gen? 111 !! now invaded 

 Bohemia, and on the Hist of July conquered that separate 

 part of Pi-ague which is called the Kleinseite. This con- 

 quest was the last important event of the Thirty Years' War, 

 which beean and ended at Prague. 



Pence f ffetpfuU(a.\ early as 1640 the Diet at 

 Reirenshiir:: was occupied in putlinir an end to this awful 

 war. nnd in 1041 preliminaries were prepared at Hamburg 

 under the mediation of Denmark. Miinstcr and Osua- 

 briick were afterwards chosen for the places of congress, 

 and the meeting was to be held in the spring- of 1042. but 

 it was not organised before the sprinsr of 104.'. The count 

 of Auersbern was the emperor's ambassador at Osnabnick. 

 where he was to negotiate n peace with the Swedish 

 ambassador, John Adler Salvius ; and the count of .N 

 met at Miinster the count d'Avaux, the ambassador 

 of the kine of France. The states of Germany sent like- 



.-linisicrs or agents to both these towns ; ambu- 

 of Venice and of the pope came as mediators: and Spain 

 and the United States of the Netherlands sent their ple- 

 nipotentiaries for the purpose of settling their private 

 differences, and interfering in those of Germany. The 

 negotiations lasted three years : the various chances of the 

 ~jri prevented the parties from aetinir upon an invariable 

 principle, and the troublesome intervention of the German 

 States were an obstacle to private interests beinc made 

 subordinate to the general interest. At. last the count of 

 Trautmannsdorf, ' the most honest amonir all the amhas- 

 i'i:i with full powers, and on the 



14-24th of October, HV4H, a double peace was concluded 

 at Miinster and at O-nabriiek. which was legally <' 11 "- 

 -ider. under the name of the 1'eace of Wc-t- 



phalia. Previously to this Spain nnd the United St: 

 the Netherlands hat! likewise made pence at Miinster, on 

 the an-3()th of January, 104H. These are the principal 

 conditions of the peace of Westphalia : 



I. Conditiont concerning the cession of territories and 

 rig/its to foreign power . 



1, Sweden, an ' an indemnification for her expense in 

 the war and for ceding several of her conquest.* to their 

 former pOMemorR,' acquired 1'omrrania. except a pail of 

 Pomerania ('iterior (duke Boirislav XIV. had <h, 

 1837,: the town of Wismar in MecUcnburtr : the arch- 

 hihopric of Bremen, and the bishopric of Vcid. 

 hereditary duchieH : a sum of five millions of tl 

 which win not to ! paid | )v the i-mperor, but by those 

 ' >whre<fciirtvii Adolphus had promised to protect 



the Protestant church. In respect of these tcni 1 

 Swedi -i member of the empire. 



I -Vance acquired the sovereignty in er the 

 of Met/. Toul, and Verdun, the pov 

 been ceded to kinir Henry II. in I." 

 over Piirnenil : the. town of By. 



>n in Philippsbnrc ; the land. 



I'ppcr and !..<, r A . ., : ,<| the 1m; 



rights OMT ten free towns in Alsace, but not ovi 



These territoi 1 to France in full 



L'nty. and the kin>r of France consequently did not 

 become a member of the empire. 



:f. The Tinted States of the Netherlands and tin 

 federacy of the cantons of Switzerland wen 

 by the emperor as independent states; lei;all\ 

 these countries were parts of Germany until tin 

 Westphalia. 



II. Conditi aim? tlii' i-i-\\inn nf trrr' 



right* tn member* nf Iff 



These indemnifications were effected by secularising 

 bishoprics and other ecclesiastical temturii 



1, Hesse-Casse! acquired the abbey of Hersfeld, some 

 of the fiefs of Suhaucnburg, and six hundred thu 



- which were to be paid by Roman Catholic bishops. 



2. Brandenburg acquired the bishoprics of HalherMadt, 

 of Minden, and of Camin, :LS hereditary principalities ; and 

 the archbUhopric of Ma^deburi; ;LS an liereditaiy duchy. 



.'t, Mecklenburg acquired the bishoprics of Rat/. 

 and of Schwerin ;i liereditaiy principalities, arm 

 commanderics of Mnow and Ncmerow, which were taken 

 from the Knights of St. John. 



4, Brunswick acquired the convents of Walkenried and 

 Gronin^en, and the privilege of appointing a jirin.- 

 Ihe lei^nini: house bishop of Osnabiiick ; on this con- 

 dition, however, that the bishopric was to In 

 alternately by a Protestant bishop of the House of li 

 wick, and by a Roman Catholic bishop, who 

 chosen by the chapter. 



I'lic duke of Bavaria was confirmed as elector, and 

 rewarded with the. Upper Palatinate and the county ol 

 (/ham. 



0, Charles Louis, the .successor of the, banished elector 

 palatine Frederick V., wits restored to his dominion- 

 cept that pad of them which was reded to lta\; 



the electorship of his father \v;is forfeited, an eighth 

 torship wa> created and bestowed upon him. 



III. Conditions rnm-crning religion and the constitution 



of the em i 



The principle of these conditions was. 

 amnesty with regard to those who had rebelled ai^air, 

 emperor, though the word 'rebel' was not cmp'. 

 and the maintainins of the status quo of Kiln. 

 beirinuine of the Bohemian war, with iciravd to the 

 tutiou of bishoprics, churches, Scc., which had 

 seized by either of tie- 



A. Ki-liginn. 



1, The treaty of Pa^au and the Second 

 Religion were contirmed. 



J. The religious qualitj of n territory or 



decided alter the status quo of the 1st .,:' Jannan , 



-. .S. . 



;-), Kqualily of political riirhts between the Homan 

 Catholics, the Lutherans, and the Calvinists or Reformed. 



4, The Jus Reformandi was reduced to its original 

 meaninir as a mere protection of religion. This principle 



.lecked by numerous and complicated cxcejitions, 

 wliieh al'terwanls led to many complaints. 



5, The . :il jurisdiction of ti 



confeired iijion the Protestant princes as a risrlit of 

 lu'iity: in the Roman Catholic territories it remained 

 in the hands of the bis! 



li. Constitution nf / 



I. The princes acquired theriirhl of concludiu:' se|iarate 

 defensive and otfensive alliances with loi-ci^n states; 

 anil they became almost so\ereii_ f n with regard to their 

 subjecls. 



'J, The Clerman en: chanced into a kind cf 



the emperor 

 becoming a mere director of the public affairs. 



