I I! 11 



T H H 



from ihi cold and snowy lop, since Hn>mii sc. 

 tainthe same root n^ ' ' whence 



atoconMthc nwne of the Ibm.ilava Mountains. T-.M. 

 range* branch lr of 



at about a hundred mile* 1'rom the 

 :e, which runs in ft south-eastern direction towards 

 imtinople; the other, \vliic-h is far inches 



ices of the llehre.s. and 

 .uth-enst. The latter bor> the- n:; 

 and is now called the Desj 

 two ranges there are many plum-, which an 

 the I 1 principal river of 'I 



and i t'lirthcr account of the i>!< 



the reader is referred to the articles BALKAN 



!T*A. 



In ancient times there was a great quantity of corn and 

 wine grown in the valley of the Hebnis. In the 'Iliad' 

 . !' the Ach scans arc described a> bringing wine 

 imcnmon from Thrace (\\. 7- : Mid the 

 .vine, which retained its reputation in the time of 

 Pliny //.-/. A,//., xn.li . is spokenof in tl y'(ix. 



l'.<7 ". In the mount. - of the country there were 



also mines of precious, metals. '.hist in, viii. 3.) 



The Thraeians were divided into many separate and in- 

 dependent tribes; hut the name of Tii: ins to 



h.i\e been applied to them collectively in very early 

 times. Thrace, according to Stephanus Uyzantinu- 



. :,\ was previously called Perec (Ilfpiri;). It signifies 

 onntry in the north, according: to Vkcrt {Ci'i^ni^ltn- 

 'i-n inn/ llniiifr, I., i.. p. 2H2 . who quotes the 

 "k of Andron of Halicarnassus (Schol. att Lycophr., 

 inus had four daughters. A-ia. Libya. 

 Europa. and Thrace, from whom the four pails of the 

 worl<: icd : and thence he conehules that Asia sig- 



nitic.l the cast. Libya the south. Europa the west, and 

 Thrace the north. This conclusion however hardly amounts 



to asmal) probability. Jpsephus and many Biblical scholars 

 tnippose that the name is derived from Tiras I.DTJT 1 . the 



son of Japhet (Genfsit, x. 2 , but this opinion rests on 

 little moie than an apparent similarity of sound. 



The Thraeian nation, according to Herodotus (v. 3), was, 

 next to the Indians, the most numerous of all, and if united 

 under one head would have been imincihlc. He observes 

 that the usages of the different tribes were similar, with 

 the exception of the (ictir [(TKT.E], the Trausi. and those 

 who dwelt above the ( 'rc.-toiwi. The account which he 

 fives of the most striking national peculiarities of the 

 Thracians. represents them as a barbarous and savage 

 people, which is supported by other antient writers, though 

 the districts on the southern co; have attained to 



some degree of civilization, owing to the numerous Creek 



- which were founded there at various times. The 

 Thracuns, says Herodotus (v. (i , sell their children to be 

 carried out of the country as slaves: they do not guard 

 their young women, but permit them to have intercourse 

 with whatever men they please: they purchase their 

 wives with great sums: they puncture or tattoo their 

 bodies, winch they regard as a sign of noble birth 

 culture they despise, and consider it most honourable to 

 li\e by war and robbcn. Deep drinking prevailed among 

 them extensive!), and the quarrels over their cups be- 

 came almost proverbial. .;.. i. Is and 27.) In 

 earlier times, however, there must have been a greater 



e of civilization among some of their tribes ill 

 than prevailed at a i I. The eai 

 Orpheus, I.inus, Musceus, and others, are all 



W coming from Tin; ' nmolpus too, who founded, 



according to tradition, the Eleiisinian mysteries at 



M also said to have been a Thraeian. At an early period 



likewise the Thraeians spread extensively over southern 



Tlmeydidcs ii. 2! . says that they once dwelt ill 



rabo (Ix. 401. 4 In speaks of their settlement in 



Ba-utia; and their invasion of Attica under Kumolpiis, who 



iit against Ereeht hens, is mentioned b\ many v. 

 Strabo, . M.cvd., 11. l.-i: 1'au.san.'. i. : 



Thiacians are (aid to have been subdued hv Sesos- 



1.. 11. KM;, and subsequently by ti 

 and ) ; , ,,-',. the 



frojan war. and penetrated as fur as the Ionian Sea and 



Hut the first real tn-t 

 "incut by Mega! 

 the general of Dan us, who conquered all the separate 



tribes, with the exception of the Satrn-. w! 

 Tluacian jieople thn' 



down to the time of Herodotus. 11 .n. ill. 



Atler the failure of the expedition 



..ppear to ' . ervd their indi [ 



in the time of the Peloponncsian war we find n powerful 

 native empire in Thrace, which was under the 

 Ices, who i- called by Thueyii 



- 

 - 



1 the Thia, 



coast from Abdera to the mouth of the Danube, a distance 

 of four days' and four nights' sail with a favourable 

 and was by land a journey of eleven days by t! 

 road for an active man:" it extended inland 

 zantium to the I.a-a-i and t m, a jouni. 



tern da\s. The tribute p.-- 

 Sitalces, was 4(0 t alen' 



to himself and the Odrysian nobles. Time, 

 of all the kingdoms between the Ionian (iul. 

 Euxine, this was the greatest in revenue and opul, 

 but that it was inferior to the Scythians in milit;;: 

 and numbers. In the third year of the i'el' 

 war. n. c. 4'Jil. Sitalces, who had foniied an alliance with 

 Athens, invaded the 1, of Perdiccas, king 



donia. with an army of l.">(),000 men: but being d 

 pointed of the co-operation of an Athenian fle. 

 persuaded by his nephew Seuthes to accept the overtures 

 of Perdiccas. and return home with his army. all. 

 ing in Macedonia thirty days. In the year ii.t . !_' 

 fell in battle against the TYiballi, the most powerful Thni- 

 eian people between Mount Ihtmus and the Da 

 was succeeded by his nephew Seuthes. The power . 

 .an empire however did not last long. In 

 more than twenty years from the den had 



lost its former greatness; and when Xenophon ci. 

 over into Thrace, in H.C. 4<K), he found Medonis. the reign- 

 ing king of the Odrysians. unable to command the 

 obedience of his Thraeian subjects. '.Compare Amib.. vii. 

 2. s. :i ,Vc. In the reign of Philip, the lather of Alex- 

 ander, Cotys was the i ml of the Thraeian c 

 and is usually called king ot'Tlnaee: but he vva 

 by Philip of almost all his dominions between tli. v 

 and the Nestiis. and became little else than a 

 the Macedonian kingdom. He v\as ;id vindic- 

 tive barbarian, and v ated in n.f. :>5S. Hi 

 Cersoble]ites succeeded to the throne : but he was evcntu- 



lipped of all his territories by Philip, who red 

 in n.( . :H:i. the whole of Southern Thnu I, and 



compelled it to pav tribute. Diodonts, xvi. 710 On the 

 dealh of Philip there was a general movement : 



ans to throw off the Macedonian su; ' the 



head of which the Triballi placed tin : ii;.; Alex- 



ander, bv his activity, suppressed this rising: 1 

 the Hicmus. marched into the eoun'i iballi, and, 



after defeating them, advanced as far as the Danube, which 

 he crossed, and offered 11; its right bank. 



(Arrian. .lit<>/>., i. 2. 9 . ii.:HO On tb. 



Alexander, Thrace fell to the share of I.v simachns, who 



1 it into an independent monarchy: but it 

 qncntly came under the dominion of the Macedonian !. 

 They seem however to have left the coiintr. 

 government of its native rulers, and were prohahlv 



! with what the Cricks called a hegemony. In the 

 Roman war against 1' ftheThrftc 



is in, ig : though the llini. 



just bel'ore the war broke out, had sought the alliai 

 the Komans. I, ivy. \lii. 2!t. ~>\ : compare xlii. 1!). 

 the conclusion of the war. however. Cotys was allowed to 

 continue in possession of his kingdom, notwithstanding 

 the assistance he had rendered to Peisens. l.r. 



At vvliat time Thrace was reduced to tin K<>- 



man province M uncertain, but it seems not to have con- 

 stituted a distinct province till a late period. Vnder 



<l|s. (lie p:. 'h lif the Ha'lll 



(juered by the Koina'r-. and wa- :1o a 



ite jirovinee under the name of M,r-ia. [M.i 

 The name of Thrace was tli, 1 to the co- 



ol' the Ilirmus, and between llie Kuxine. the I'ropontis. and 

 the ,'Kgean Sea. Us boundary on tin' west ditl'eii 

 various times : in the time of Ptolemv ni. II 



: hut as the Strymon was anti 

 the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace, it will be 



