i n 





I I I', 



d Tli 



of III 



ami I 



north.' Sanang Se1-i 



which signifies the country of the snow ' in 

 i mime which is analogous 



M hlCU, 



in the 



ail viil ' 



I I 111 \ 



wlm 



'i 

 this 



t.. r. 



ol t' 



to t 

 thro 

 U'h 

 del 

 ner, 



t-t . V> 



points 



are almost unknown 



inning 

 .rust, ]~\~>, 

 March,' i; 

 nearly thi' whole ' ' from 



i: in Tibet : anil ir. our own ilays Tur- 



. rciofl. ami (iciaul liavi arts of it. 



Tibet, in the largest sense of the word, 

 Tlif Holor Mountains, a branch 

 of the Hindu Rush, \vhii' the uorth- 



.. form tlir western lion:. 

 Tile length of this frontier is about K7 miles. It 

 mi the south-west by the llimlu Kush. fioiii M 

 kan Mutlami and th. -tern part . 



as fur -'in frontier of Nepal, a d 1 



INI mile-. The southern boun II J by the 



of the Himalaya from the western froiih, 

 to the eastern iioiitiVr of Bnotan, a distaure of about 710 

 -. and by the northern boundaii 111, Burma, 



,irt of the Chinese province of Yunnan. Thi- latter 

 part, which is nearly unknown, runs in a south-i 

 direction, anil m l' : "' ^ "' junction of the 



Yu-lcang-Ho. or Ld-tchou, with the Kincha-Kiang, or 

 Yanj; . in Yunnan, between 1(12 and 1(M"K. long. 



The length of this part of the frontier in a straight line be- 

 tween the two extremities is about 320 miles. The whole 

 111 of the southern frontier, according to a roui;: 



in miles, but as this frontier I'uim- a curve, its 



real length is much more. Tin on tier of Tibet is 



n boundaries of the Chinese provinces 



i. and Kansu. This frontier 



has ! i leans only know 



i.ed in the Itineraries of the 



Chili- 'in the junction of the Yu ! 



Ho with the Kmeha-Ku; mirthwaul- 



probably alone the ri\er Ya-long-Ki .1- the :UMh 



> of N. Int. It then takes a north-eastern din 

 farasKiai. Mgc of \\i]i : 



E malis, are called the Yun-ling 

 i. At Kiai il takes a north-west direct ion, < 



tile llolil! 



chin, and then takes a north-west direct i> 



m the mountain)) of Amegancar, in 3 



ong. That part 01 ivc\er 



lat., and east of 



the Kincha Kiang, or the mom: 

 to China in 1727. and is now under the hum. 



.tyof the emperor of China. The whole extent of the 



:;tieis of Tibet is at U iL^t <.KN) inile^. \Vehaveno 



noilherii frontiers. They begin 



in tl. which they were tra 



bj I", i iw<://y/;/'. tom.\iii., p. 117. 



on h: : " I.eh. From thence 11 



Mid t a-t along the mountains of K;'i- 



nikorum U far as a point situateil in (lie mount:: 



'a, or kulkoun). in :t.V N. lat. and 



.ong., acrowi thi . Klior anil of Katehi, or Katchc. 



Til* 1 1 :i north-ea.-t and east, until they reach the 



eastern li . hich we ha\e mentioned 



above, a* situated in US* 25' N. lat. and 10(> K. long. 

 Tin i.iilier. including the 



: l:Hl miles. II is le 

 . i Khu-kli 

 in north-. , el in the political 



: IK in Iron' 

 Kat. Hitter. 



northtrn 



. :u a 



althoug 



on the we-t by I 



( 'hi; 



Tibet, comprised between these limits, 

 imme 



-In Kiish and the mountain <uim, 



and through it t, the 



:.i flow, n 

 nbundaiK i .a. 



Mountains. Tibet . 

 which are more than h 



This table-land is divided into 

 tinct parts. The first, which i- 

 begins in the east, near M 

 and stretchi's to the noil 

 Himalaya and of the Hind 

 the range of the mountai: n in the r 



:u its whole length In 



of the Iiul <\ver or north-western pa;' 



lialtistan, is also called the l-'irst Tibet, or 1 



-t state. Its upper . 



has the name of Ladakh, and is also called t 

 or Great Tibet, because it is larger than Haltistaii. v 





times the name of Little Tibet is j_ 



of the Indus, l.adakh is a'- 



most eastern pa: 



belongs to China, liallistan and Lai' 



scribed under the heads of Ilimalava : 





xii., p. 2111, -Ve. . Iialti>tan and t.adakh bclo' 



in the mo>t cxtcii- 



second great division of Tibet begins in the 

 Mount Kailasa, and is an iimii. 



n part of which is called Khoi. 



Katehi. Its boundaries are the r; i tlie 



the Kueiduu mountains on the north; the snowy 

 mountains around tli .if the Kincha i< 



Om-Tsiu, and the lake of Tcngri-Nor in tl. ! the 



mountains of Dcang and Nga:i in tlie south. Khor and 

 Katehi have never been vi- [h the 



i Jiait is traversed In ' >iad which : 



.ud. in Chinese Turkistan. Tlie ' 

 division of Tibi' :lu- remainder of tl: 



which lies , nth of Khor and Katehi. 



The second and third natural di\isi. 

 name of Kastern or Tliinl Tibet, oi 1 Tibi 



i tlie word. E:usterii iiina. 



All that we can say about Kb. 

 are an immense table-land, some parts of which 

 feet above the level of the >ca. J'ln- 

 is not a level plain. It is a cmmta '. 

 mountains, winch have a height \. 

 4000 feet above their base. [3,000 to I 



above the sea. The midd!. ated 



than the boundaries. ;us the countiy conta. 

 which terminate in the table-laid ; and the southern and 



e higher than the eastern and northern 

 parts, the direct' > r number of th 



hi ing from the west to tlu rom the south to the 



north. 

 The aspect of th southern and ea- ihinl 



Tibet is \cry ditt'erent 1'n'in that of Kb' tehi. 



Third Tibet is travciscd by luimc: 



mountains, the direction of" which . 



and from north-west to south-c;:-'.. I-'HHII tl 



am out in different direc 



tainii. between them. In p prin- 



cipal chains advance towaids thi 

 towards one another, and thus the \ 

 grndunlly become narrower, until all:. 

 Yunnan an<l Hnrma. they . 



;iot there ai allel vallc ' 



of th' world, and the ! 



four %. hun- 



dred miles. Hut the lange ol the molinl: ii and 



diverges from the Uinialav.-i : and the \alley bc- 

 hich is traversed by the Dzangbo', be- 



