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comes broader as it advances towards the east. The 



chain which, in the south-eastern corner of Tibet, 



separates the Kincha-Kiang in the east from the Lang- 



t.-ang-Kiang in the west, has the name of Ning-tsing-Shan, 



or Mang-li ' Moung-lan) ; and, since 1727, the frontiers 



between Tibet and China run along the foot of this 



chain, the summits of which are covered with eternal 



snow. The height of the mountains in south and eastern 



Tibet is much greater than in the northern and central 



parts of the country, and the whole tract towards China, 



Nepaul, and Bootan, is an immense alpine country. Se- 



passes in the Mang-li mountains are from 10,000 to 



11,000 feet above the sea; the region of perpetual snow 



is to begin at 12,500 feet, and as the snow always 



^ an immense number of summits and whole ranges, 



it is evident that the number of summits which have an 



lute elevation of above 12,500 feet must be very con- 



able. Some of them probably attain the height 



.OOO feet above the sea. The extent of the Mang-li 



mountains between Bathang on the Kincha-Kiang, and 



.idp on the Lang-tsan-Kiang, according to the Chine e 



itineraries, is 140511. of 250 to a degree. I Hitter, iv. 202.) 



All this country is intersected by deep valleys and chasms. 



The summits of the mountains are covered with denial 



snow, and the traveller CTO-. e.-. thr cha-ms by means 



of bridges which are enveloped in the clouds. The moun- 



north of the Mang-li, around the sources of the Lan- 



tsan-Kiang, in the province of Tsiamdo.are no less elevated, 



but they have never been visited by Europeans. A very 



extensive lange begins at Mount Kailasa in the Himalaya, 



-t retches to the east as far as the ninetieth degree of 



ea>l longitude, in a direction di- M the Himalaya 



in Nepaul and Bootan. These are the mountains of Xirari 



and Dzang, the most western part of which is called Gang- 



ilisri, or the country of the snow mountains. At the be- 



this westernmost part, and in the north-eastern 



province of Xgari, is situated the celebrated 



Mount Kailasa, which is said to be higher than the Dhav. a- 



. The Kailasa is steep on all sides, and is 140 li in 



inference; its summit is always covered with - 



lie water tumbles down from it in cataracts into the 



This mountain has also the name of 



Oneuta. Ka>t of the Kailasa are situated four moun- 



l.iins, or perhaps groups of mountains, the K liabhabhs, 



of winch resembles a different animal. The first is 



the Horse-mountain, or Tam-tsiogh-K'habhabh : the se- 



is the Elephant-mountain, or Lang-tsieii-K'h ; the 



third is the Lion-mountain, or Sengghe-K'h ; and the 



fourth is the Peacock-mountain, or Mabghia-K'h. The 



length of these four mountains is said to be 800 li, and 



v, itli respect to the valleys which begin at their foot and 



stretch in different directions, they resemble Mount St. 



Gothard iu Switzerland. The mountains on the southern- 



of Tibet have been described in the article 



HIMALAYA. 



r. The sources of the Dzangbo are on the east 

 .,!' the K'habhabhs, in the province of Ngari. Its 

 complete name is Yaru-Dzangbo-lsu, that is, the pure 

 front i the went. According to the Chinese geo- 



grap! ource of the Dzangbo is on Mount Tam- 



il, in 30 10' north latitude, and 79 35' longituil. 

 1 1 is. It flows in an cast-south-eastern direction, through 

 tlie whole of Southern Tibet, a distance of about 700 miles, 

 and waters the provinces of Ngari, Dzang, and Wei. The 

 \alley of this river is formed by the Himalaya on the 

 , and the mountains of Ngari and Dzang on the 

 north. The country through which it flows being very 

 extensive, and all the mountains bein:' covered in winter 

 v.ith snow, of which an immense quantity melts in the 

 summer, the volume of water in this river must be very 

 lerable. The tributary rivers of the Dzangbo, on its 

 left or northern side, are : the Nauk-Dzangbo ; the Dzang- 

 1-.il, or Galdjao-muren, that is, the ' furious river,' which 

 :<-e.s in the north-east, about 200 miles from its 

 junction with the Dzangbo near H'Lassa, anil which is 

 sometimes confounded with the Dzangbo itself. There 

 insideiable rivers between the Nauk-Dzangbo 

 ;he Dziant:-Nii. The tributary rivers on the right or 

 ire: the Guyang, which has its source near 

 n the Himalaya (there are five other consider- 

 i:ome down from the Himalaya of 

 Xep:il , : and the Vai-nom-tsu, or Fuaug-dze, along which 

 Turner travelled, from its source at Phaii to its junction 



with the Dzangbo, and which has a fine iron bridge of 

 thirteen arches. An iron suspension-bridge is thrown over 

 the Dzangbo, south of H'Lassa, on the great road from the 

 west to this town. The course of the Dzangbo is known 

 as far as a point which is situated about 100 miles east of 

 H'Lassa, in 26 30' N. lat. according to D'Anville ; in 



3 30' N. lat. according to Klaproth ; and in 29 15' N. lat. 

 according to Berghaus. It has been conjectured that the 

 Brahmaputra is the continuation of the Dxangbo [Bu.\HMA- 

 PUTRA], but it is now known that they are different rivers. 

 The continuation of the Dzangbo is the Irawaddy. We 

 owe this discovery to Julius von Klaproth, who published 

 several memoirs on the course of the Irawaddy, of the 

 Brahmaputra, and the Dzangbo. 



All that we know about the Southern Nu-kiang is con- 

 jectural. Ritter says that the Nu-kiang is a southern tribu- 

 tary river of thaDzangbo, but this is impossible, and instead 

 uthern' we must read ' northern.' (Ritter, iv., pp. 212- 

 223.) The sources of the Gakbo-dzangbo-tsu, or the clear 

 river of Gakbo, are situated in 31 30' N. lat., between the 

 mountains of Sangtsen-sum-do-ri and Barkala, on the 

 frontiers of the provinces of K'ham and of Wei. Its upper 

 course has the name of Sang-chu or Dziangbo-tsiu. Its 

 direction is at first south-east. The great road from China 

 to H'Lassa crosses this river some distance cast of the cele- 

 brated temple of H'Lari. The Gakbo-dzangbo-tsu then 

 enters the country of Gakbo, where it receives a considera- 

 ble river called Bo-Dzangbo, which enters it on the left or 

 eastern side. Alter having entered the country of H'Lokba, 

 it probably takes a southern direction, but we have no 

 positive knowledge of it. According to the Chinese map of 

 the emperor Khien-Long, of which the ' Carte de 1'Asie 

 i 'eiitrale' of Klaproth is a reduction, the Gakbo-dzangbo- 

 tsu enters the Chinese province of Yunnan, and there re- 

 the name of Lung-ehuan-Kiang. As to the Om-tsu, 

 or Oui-tsu, another great river, there is great difference of 

 opinion. According to the Chinese maps, the Om-tsu is 

 formed by the junction of three rivers, the Ser-Sumbu, orSer- 

 tsu, in the east, the Uir-chu in the west, and the Kara-us-su, 

 the largest river, in the middle. The source of the Kara-us-su. 

 is said to be in the table-land of Middle Tibet, about 32" 

 30* N. lat. and 90 to 91 E. long. The Om-tsu has a south- 

 east course, and flows in a very deep and narrow valley, 

 enclosed by steep rocks of an immense height ; it enters the 

 province of Yunnan in China, where it receives the Chinese 

 name Nu-Kiang, that is, ' the river of the barbarians.' 

 The latter part of its course within Tibet is unknown 

 to European geographers. The Lang-tsang-Kiang tra- 

 alfflost the whole extent of eastern Tibet, from 

 north-west to south-east. Two rivers, the Om-chu in the 

 and the Dzo'chu in the east, the sources of which 

 are situated north of the upper part of the Om-teu, in the 

 province of K'ham, join at Tsiamdo, and thus form the 

 Lang-fsang-Kiang, the direction of which is from north-west 

 to south-east. From the 30th to the. 27th degree of N. lat. 

 tin' l.ang-tsang-Kiang traverses a country quite unknown 

 to Europeans. This river is also called La-chou, La-tsu, 

 Lo-tsau, and Lo-tsu. After having traversed Yunnan, it 

 enters Lao, forms the frontier between Siam and Cochin- 

 China, and flows into the Chinese Sea in 10 N. lat., after 

 a course of more than 1700 miles. The sources of the 

 Kincha-Kiang, or Yang-tse-Kiang, which traverses China 

 from west to east, are situated between 37 and 38" N. lat., 

 and between 89" and 92 E. long., on the table-land to- 

 wards the north-western frontiers of Eastern Tibet. Its 

 upper part is called Muru-us-su by the nomadic Mongols 

 of that country; its middle part has the Tibetan name of 

 Bourei'-tsu ; and it is only in China that it is called 

 Kincha-Kiang. Its direction is east as far as 95 E. long. ; 

 from this point to Batang the direction is south-east and 

 south ; from Batang to its junction with the Litchtu 

 (the old frontier of Tibet), it is again south-east. This latter 

 part of the Kincha-Kiang forms a part of the present fron- 

 tier between Tibet and China. The Ya-long-Kiang is an 

 important tributary of the Kincha-Kiang. Its source 

 about 29 N. lat. and 97 30' E. long., in the Bayan-Khaia, 

 a range of high and wild mountains itretching in a south- 

 east direction, between the Kincha-Kiang and the Ya- 

 long-Kiang in the south, and the sources of the Hoang-Ho 

 in the north. The direction of the Ya-long-Kiang is at 

 first south-east for about 200 miles : east of 100" E. long. 

 it runs southward for about 300 miles: during the latter 

 naif of ita course the direction is at first cast, as it seems, 



312 



