T I 



438 



'I 1 15 



nd then again south for about 1UU ; : all this is 



turnl. The Hoang-Ho, or Yellow :a iU 



I-M north of thr Bnian-Khnra. in thr province i'l' 



ul a part of its upper com - 

 in Tilu't anil in Khu-Klm-N 

 northern part of Tibet, of which wo liavi- alre.i 

 The dooription of this river ha- 

 Thc whole country between the up]. 



Ho in the north and in the west, the '. m the 



south-west, and tin I'rontier of China in . 'Mho 



eailcrn pa n and Khu-Khu-No: . -. d h\ 



inch mountains covered with perpetual snow ; 

 it is an unknown country to u-. 



Laka.1'\w IT, the largest hike of Tibet, is 



nine days' journey noiih of Il'Lassa. The Chinese cull it 

 Thian-chhi, or the Celestial Lake. This lake app 

 bo Mirounded by high mountains and r< '.with 



snow and ice. It ivoncs the Tarku-DAngbo, a river 

 which comes from the west. The lake of Paltc, which is 

 situated south-west of H'I,assu, in the valley of the 

 Dzamrbo. resembles a large ditch surrounding an extensive 

 inland which tills up the middle of the lake. On the 

 Tibetan maps it has the name of Bhaldi-Yumtso, and the 

 Chinese call it Yar-brok-Yumtso. According to the Chi- 

 nes*. geographers there is a nunnery on that Island which 

 mie of Dhordze-phagh-mo, or the 1'alace of the 

 Holy Sow.' which is said to be one of the finest in Tibet. 

 It is said that north of this lake there is a high mountain 

 railed Kambala, from the summit of which c\i 

 ranges of high snowy Al]>s may be seen to the north. 

 -.- an- nmst probably the mountains which surround 

 Lake Tengri-Nor. In the extreme north of Tibet is situ- 

 ated the Lake Khu-Khu-Nor, or Koko-Nor. that is. -the 

 Hlue or the Celestial Uiko.' which name has been given 

 to all the surrounding country. The lakes of Kailasa, in 

 the southern part of Tibet, nave been described under 



ds, lynxes. 



( 'iimatf. Til>et is known in India and China as a coun- 

 try of hunger and misery, and as such it is represented by 

 the Mongol historian Sanani: Setsen. However cold and 

 barren the table-lands and the mountains may be, on 

 account of their extreme elevation and of the snow which 

 etually covers whole tracts, the climate of the valle\s. 

 and especially of the valley of the Dzangbp, is hot. From 

 March to September the weather is fair, interrupted only 

 by some showers ; the winds are not wgular, as in India. 

 In H'Lahsa the trees bud at the end of April and in the 

 beginning of May. Corn and peas are sown towards the 

 end of the spring and in the beginning of the summer: 

 and the harvest is reaped in the months of August ami 

 Scptcmt>er. Dew falls in the summer nights; it hails 

 ulleii: Hie snow is not deep in the winter. On the high 

 table-lands the climate is very different. Turner, who 

 visited a part of them on his way from Bootan to 

 Toshu Liimtiu, gives an interesting description of it. From 

 May to October the sky is always clear, and the sun shines 

 with uncommon brightness. FYom October to May there 

 are violent gales. 'I 11 rocks 



breaks in pieces, which the air dissolves into fragments as 

 small a* dust ; and clouds of this 1 by whirl- 



winds, are driven from the plain to the summits o f the 

 mountains, and from the mountains down to the houses of 

 the inhabitant*, The air is excessively dry, and its effects 



nble those of the dry heat of the Sahara. Th. 

 wither ; their leaves maybe ground to pnwd 

 the I anks and beams break, and the inhabitants 



the timbers of their houses with wet towels in ordei 

 to preserve them against the destructive cft'e. 



Thr timber never rots. T 

 the open air becomes dry. and ma\ ! 



like bread, and Huts preserved during yean. This flesh 



i mon food in Ti! 

 -Among the minerals then 

 tin : salt, which is taken from the ai 

 l>eng-t-a\ga : corundum stone, l.ipis la/nli. 

 tunjuois, and agate. Besides a great number of grasses 

 w hu non in Kurope, Tibet produce- 



ipeiiin Bathamr. and 

 , rhubarb, madder, saftiowor. apples nut 



.rranate., and (,-, . the 



ir, buffaloca, the bnflalo which is called 

 IK- jak, goat* with a very fine fleece, goat with lon 



tine hair, silk-worms, wild-cats 



.\itli horns ot 

 white . ''. swans. 



known in Tibet, and the 1 irnt. Fi^< 



::it in the '.hey are not eaten, being pro- 



: id'ha. 



-1. The territory of the Dalai-tama 



contains the eastern and north-eastern parts of Tibet. The 

 capital, H'Lassa or Lassa, is situated in a beautiful ; 

 on the banks of the l)/ang-tsn, about twel\, '10111 



its junction with the ])/.angbo. It is a pepuiout and 

 town, and distinguished by many fine 

 public bull lally convents, among which then- 



is the first temple of the Buddhists. Tin :. -mall- 



pox hospital, a printing-office, and several schools, i 

 cially for divinity. 'J'he town has walls and five fortified 

 In the neighbourhood ol' the town, in the north, 

 the east, the south, and the are four n. 



convents, the largest amonu' the :UKK) convents oi' Til 

 great number of which contain several thousand monks. 

 The residence of the Dalai-I-ama is in the convent of 

 PobnOK-Marbu ithe red town) on Mount Holala, north- 



II'Lassa. It is said that the principal huildiii 

 this residence, or the Lapninga. hiirli, and 



it contains 10,(XK) rooms. , Hitter, iv. 'J-13.1 On tlie walls oi 

 one of its large rooms are most probably suspended those 

 chorographieal tables which Father de la Penna admired 

 when he was in II I,assa. Tile environs of H'Laasa arc 

 full of convents and palaces, of which the most magnificent. 

 is that of Dznndzio-lu-Khang. Besides the capital we only 

 know some points on the iireat mails which lead to HI 

 from the e;ust and from the west, but no considerable to win 

 are mentioned on these re -.i-u'iinu'-Lrhar, a 



town which is inhabited by '20.(XK) families, and which is 

 situated east of Il'Lassaon the Dzang-bo. 



'2. Tlie territory of the Teshu-Lauia contains the pro\ inces 

 of D/aiiLr and Nirari.and perhaps also the countries of Khor 

 and of Katchi. His residence is at the palace, or rather 

 the convent of Teslui-U'Luinbu, in 29 4' N. Int. and 

 '-t.i" 7' K. long., accordini: to Turner, who visited this place 

 in 17S3. It was founded in 1 H7. on a small plain sur- 

 rounded by lofty mountains ; but as this plain is a part of 

 the high table-land, the environs are cold and i! 

 Teshu-H'Lumbu lies almost opposite to a pa>saeioss the 

 Himalaya of Bootan, which is defended by the fortr. 

 D/iLrsdxe-.Tcuni:. Teshu H'Lumbu. or, more correct H, 

 FI'Lunibo, contains from :HI to -4<XI houses, con- 

 vents, temples, and palaces, which are surrounded by 

 a wall, and all communicate with each other. The chief 

 building, where the Lama resides, has the name of 

 Lapianira, the most remarkable pad of which is the 

 ilenm of the Teshu-Lama, who died in Peking in 

 1~N1. This mausoleum, of which Turner iri\c-~ a careful 

 description, has a most beautiful appeaiai a fine 



specimen of Tibetan sculpture. It is said that :7i* l( !'. 

 or monks are daily occupied in the performance Of their 

 various religious duties in the palace of Teshu H'Lunilni. 

 The trreater part uf the country between Teshu H'Llinil/u 

 and II 1-a.ssa is a feitile and beautiful tiact. which extends 

 along the river Dzangbo from well to east. At one. 

 journc) east of Teshu H'l.umbu is 1'ina Hainani . a smaH 

 town with a fortified castle. Haldi or Bedi. another small 

 town, lies on the northern bank of Lake 1'alte. 



fnhabtfantt <iml Ilixlury. According to the lecrend 

 Tibet was originally inhabited by animals and demons. At 

 cut toTibel the king of the monkeys, 

 who led there the life of a hermit : 



tion WiLs the performance of religious duties, and he was 

 absorbed in the pursuit of the knowledge of nonentity. 

 \Vhcn he was just on the point, of attainim: the object of 

 liis pursuit, he was disturbed in his contemplation 

 the \isit of a female Munggus. The Mam:: 

 Sanscrit name IB Rakihaa, are ugly demons, who 



.. dopt any iiirure they please. The MaiiL'gus who 

 came to the king ol the monkeys had assumed a beautiful 

 Iiirure, and propost-d to the kini; to marry her. The king 

 ulleired hi moi'.a-tical duties, but' at last he nirtr- 

 i led the Mani;i. r us. and their descendants are the pi i.plr of 

 Tibet. Schmidt. l'<iri'-hnnii<'ii, p. -II. 'l"h,- aeeniint. 

 however, ridiculous as li iiiu\ appear to a Kuropcan, is all- 

 important to a nation which helioses in the metempsy- 

 chcisis, and is proud n. ' lioni a monl\e\, bd 



one of the most cunning of animals. The first ac- 



