T I D 



433 



T I E 



the radii or arms of the wheel, and would present thei 

 full surface to the action of the current, while in any other 

 position they would, by turning on their hinges, present little 

 more than their edges to it. Such a wheel will revolve 

 when completely immersed in water, although an ordinary 

 water-wheel would be quite stationary. Gregory describes 

 also a bucket-wheel invented by Mr. Dryden, which will 

 work with nearly equal force, whether the head of water 

 lie within one or two feet of the top of its periphery, and 

 the tail-water above the level of the axle, or the tail-water 

 ievel with the bottom of the wheel, and the head at a pro- 

 portionate elevation, but below the level of the axle. The 

 float-boards, or divisions between the buckets, are all set 

 at one angle with the radii of the wheel, and asmall space 

 is left, between each float and the drum-boarding, or sol- 

 ing of the wheel, to allow air to enter the buckets freely 

 as they rise out of the water, and thereby to prevent the 

 loss of power occasioned by the formation of a partial 

 vacuum in the rising bucket, causing it, in the language 

 of the miller, to ' suck up the tail-water.' The uniform 

 rotation of the wheel in one direction must be provided 

 for by having two passages, provided with sluices, from 

 each end of the water-way in which the wheel is placed ; 

 one passage leading to the river, and the other to the 

 voir. By opening and closing the sluices alternately, 

 the current, whether from the river to the reservoir or 

 from the reservoir to the river, may always be made to 

 pass under the wheel in the same direction. M. Navier, 

 in his notes to the new edition of Belidor, published at 

 Paris in 1819 (in which tide-mills are treated of at con- 

 siderable length . states that the former kind of wheel, 

 with hinged floats, had been tried successfully in Spain, 

 by M. Dussaussoy, an officer of artillery. A work by AJ- 

 dini on the tide as a moving-power for mills was published 

 early in the present century. 



T'lDEMAN, PHILIP, was a native of Niirnberg, where 

 he was born in the year 1657. lie studied first under a 

 painter named Nicholas Raes, with whom he remained 

 eight years, and was distinguished by his diligent appli- 

 cation to his art, in which he attained great proficiency. 

 Desiring however to improve his knowledge and taste, he 

 went to Amsterdam to study the capital works of the great 

 s in the collections in that city. ' 



I.airesse being at that time in great esteem at Amster- 

 dam, Tidcman resolved to place himself under his direc- 

 tion : and so gained the good opinion of his teacher by his 

 -ing manners and his talents, that Lairesse conceived a 

 great affection for him, and not only gave him the best 

 instruction in the art, but employed him to assist in some 

 important works on which he was engaged. In executing 

 these works Tideman gave such evident proof of his abili- 

 ties, that he soon obtained sufficient employment inde- 

 pendent of Lain 



His compositions of fabulous history and allegory in- 

 dicate a lively fancy, genius, and invention; insomuch 

 that in thi^ respect Ins designs have been recommended as 

 models lo succeeding artists. Two of his capital composi- 

 tions were Venus complaining to Jupiter of Juno's persc- 

 is, and Juno applying to /Kolus to destroy 

 the Trojan fleet. He died in 1715, at the age of fifty-eight, 

 leaving a very great number of sketches and designs, which 

 afford proofs both of his industry and the fertility of his in* 

 vention. 



Pilkington ; Fuseli ; Bryan.) 



TIDES. [WAVE.] 



Tl DKSVVELL. [DERBYSHIRE.] 



TIDORE, one of the Moluccas, is situated in the strait 

 which divides the island of Gilolo from that of Celebes, 

 and is traversed by 45' N. lat. and by 127 25' E. long. It 

 is only about 21 miles in circumference. Near the southern 

 coast rises a mountain in the form of a cone, which is of 

 '. olcanic origin. According to an estimate its summit may 

 be about 4000 feet above the sea-level. The soil is com- 

 posed of volcanic matter mixed with a considerable por- 

 tion of vegetable mould, and abundantly watered by nu- 

 merous rivulets which descend from the mountain : it is of 

 ' fertility, well cultivated, and produces rice in abun- 

 dance. The sago-tree, as well as the clove and nutmeg- 

 grow wild, though the Dutch have been at great 

 pains to otirpalf the trees, to secure the monopoly in 

 *. Tlie inland is \ ery populous, and governed by a 

 sultan, who alxi | )() , M ..,,. S the southern and middle 

 tions oi '(;!.,!::," hi Te the towns of Maba,Wida, and Patang 

 P. C., No. 1542. 



oelong to him. He claims also the islands which are 

 situated between Gilolo and Papua, namely, Wageeow, 

 Battanta, and Mysole, and lives in great state. The in- 

 habitants are Malays and Mohammedans. At the time of 

 Forrest's visit (1774) there were twenty-five mosques oil 

 the island. 



This island was first visited by the vessels with which Ma- 

 galhaens sailed round the globe in 1521, and the Spaniards 

 loaded their ships with spices. They returned five years 

 after, and found that the Portuguese had begun to establish 

 their authority on the Moluccas. This gave rise to a war be- 

 tween the Spaniards and Portuguese, which ended, in 1529, 

 by the emperor Charles V. renouncing his rights to the. 

 Moluccas, and receiving from the king of Portugal as an 

 equivalent a loan of 350,000 ducats. Tidore was visited by 

 Sir Francis Drake in 1579. In 1613 the Dutch tookallthe Por- 

 tuguese settlements on these islands, and began to subject, 

 their sovereigns to a more strict obedience for the purpose of 

 establishing their monopoly in the spice trade. They treated 

 them for some time with great harshness. In 1778 the sultan 

 of Tidore was dethroned and exiled to Batavia, but he was 

 afterwards re-established. In 1796, when the British took 

 Amboyna under Admiral Rainier, Tidore, being dependent 

 on its government, fell also into their power : it was re- 

 stored by the peace of 1801. In 1808 the sultan of Tidore, 

 disagreeing with the Dutch at Amboyna, was expelled and 

 obliged to fly to Papua. He applied to the English for 

 assistance, and with their aid he recovered the greater part 

 of his possessions. Soon afterwards (1810), the English 

 having again taken possession of Amboyna, the sultan of 

 Tidore became dependent on them ; but in 1814 all the 

 settlements on the islands of the Indian Archipelago which 

 had been taken by the English, were again restored to the 

 Dutch, and the sultan of Tidore is now dependent on the 

 Dutch government. 



(Forrest's Voyage to New Guinea and the Moluccas; 

 Stavorinus, VOI/U^PS to the East Indies.) 



TIEDEMANN, DIETRICH, a German philosopher, was 

 born the 3rd of April, 1748, at Bremervorde, near Bremen, 

 where his father was burgomaster. He received his ear- 

 liest education at home, and as he was scarcely allowed to 

 have any intercourse with other children, his leisure hours 

 were spent in reading. His father sent him in 1703 to 

 Verden, where he was chiefly engaged in acquiring a 

 knowledge of the antient and some modern languages. 

 After a stay of two years there he entered the Athenseum 

 of Bremen. The system of education and the distinguished 

 masters of this institution had great influence on young 

 Tiedemann. It was here that he first conceived a love for 

 philosophy and its history, and he began his philosophical 

 studies by reading the works of Descartes, Locke, Hel- 

 vetius, and Malebranche. After spending eighteen months 

 at Bremen, he entered the university of Gottingen, with 

 the intention of studying theology pursuant to his father's 

 wish ; but he continued the study of classical literature, 

 mathematics, and philosophy. Ihe study of philosophy 

 raised in his mind strong doubts respecting certain main 

 points of the Christian religion, which he was unable to 

 overcome, and this led him to abandon the study of theo- 

 logy. He now tried jurisprudence, but notwithstanding 

 the entreaties of his father to devote himself to some pro- 

 fession, he abandoned the study of the law also, and at last 

 determined to follow his own inclinations, and to give 

 himself up entirely to philosophy and its history. His 

 father, dissatisfied with his son's conduct, refused to send 

 him further means of subsistence. After having spent two 

 years and a half at Gottingen, Professor Eyring proposed 

 to him to take the place of tutor in a nobleman's family in 

 Livonia, which Tiedemann accepted very reluctantly. In 

 1769 he entered his new situation, in which he remained 

 four years, although he was shut out from all means of 

 prosecuting his own studies, and had to devote almost all 

 his time to his pupils. Nevertheless he found time to 

 write a little work on the origin of language, a favourite 

 topic with the philosophers of that time. It was pub- 

 lished under the title, ' Versuch einer Erkliirung des Ur- 

 sprungs der Sprache,' Riga, 1772, 8vo. In the year follow- 

 ing he returned to his native place, and after having spent 

 a year there in studying various subjects which he had 

 neglected in Livonia, he again went to Gottingen. His 

 friend Meiners, who was now a professor in the university, 

 introduced him to Heyne, who immediately made him a 

 member of the philological seminary. The small income 



VOL. XXIV. 3 K 



