T I L 



4-ls 



T I L 



on plains than hill*, and in moist than dry placet. 

 Tin- tree* may be propagated by seeds, which should be 

 sown at soon as they an- gathered : bnt this is a veij 

 proce**, and the mort frequent mode of propagating them 

 i* by layers. In France H tree is cut down to the roots. 

 and the shoots are encouraged to grow, niul in the < 

 of two or three years they may be planted in tin- positions 

 in which they lire to stand. Lime-trees will ; 

 planting ut a greater age than most lives ; when large trees 

 minted, they .should have their roots cut rounil 

 three, or four feet from the stem the year before they are 

 taken up. This stunts their growth, and makes them bear 

 removal better. 



(Loudon, Arbor, rt Frut. Itril.. vol. i. and iv. : Hischoff, 

 lj hrlnt.-h ili-r li-.tnink : Koeh. / i-tni<->i ; Hooker. 



Itnlish l'lr,i ; Don's Miller's Diet., &C.) 



TIU.U'K.li, a natural order of plants belonging to the 

 nip of polypctalouB Dicotyledons, This 

 order consists of trees or shrubs, seldom of herbaceous 

 plants, with simple, toothed, alternate leaves, furnished 

 with stipules. The Mowers are axillary. The calyx con- 

 sists of four or five sepals, which are valvular in a-st na- 

 tion : the petals four or live, with mostly a little pit at 

 their base; the stamens are hypogynons, mostly indefinite, 

 with oval or roundish two-celled anthers bunting length- 

 wise : the disk is formed of glands, which arc equal in 

 number to the petals and opposite to them: Uje Ovary M 

 single, composed of from four to ten carpels, with a single 

 s Me and stigma divided into lobes according to the num- 

 ber of the carpels; seeds numerous, with erect embryo, 

 and abundant albumen. This order is nearly allied to 

 StcrculiaecK and Malvace;p, from which it differs in its 

 glandular disk, distinct stamens, and two-celled anthers. 

 The species, of which there are about two hundred and 

 fifty, are arranged in thirty-two genera, and are generally 

 diffused throughout the tropical and temperate parts of 

 the globe. 



Tiliaeca' possess no active properties; they abound in a 

 mucilaginous wholesome juice. The fibres of the inner 

 bark are very tough, and are used for a variety of economi- 

 cal purposes. [Til.n.] The wood is genei ally white, light, 

 and tough ; that of (liviri.i i-lm-tii-it is used for making 

 bows iu India. The Trincomalee-wood used at Madras 

 for making the Ma>soola boats is the produce of Bcrrya 

 Auunonilla. The (!orchorus olitoiius is cultivated in 

 i'.gypt for use as a pot-herb. 



1. ami if , with aowrn tii.1 tcif ; 9. wrtion of ovary. iWing lh Ui; 

 :t. ilnirli- flowiT ; 4. M 



TI'I.lQr.V. Mr. J. K. Cray's name for a genus of SKM- 

 'I'ln :III\NS.] 



K, applied to arable land, is the stirring and 

 of the surface of the soil, so as to render it lit 



for the vegetation of the s,.,.i]s Committed io it : its object 

 - tlie destruction of n. 



The whole art of culli\ation consists in tillage and ma- 

 nuring, and the profit of the husbandman depends on the 



perfection of the tillage and the economy of labour i' 

 duciug the effect. A defect in tillage will c.t 

 deficiency in the' crops in online 



the soil should be in such a state that the 

 and dews may readily be diffused through it. without 

 giving it a wet appearance, or cv aporating too rapidly. 

 It requires great knowledge and expcric 

 particular soil the exact portion of tillage which is suited 

 to it. A fine garden-tilth, as it is called, is th 

 feet for light soils which have been long cultivated and 

 manured; when they can be biought to such a stale that 

 after continued rains the surface dries without forming a 

 crust, and crumbles of its own accord, the tillage has been 

 good ; and the deeper this soil is stirred, the more it will 

 produce : but where clay abounds in the soil, which in 

 dry weather can be readily pulverised by crushing the dry- 

 clods, and be reduced to the finest powder, too much til- 

 lage may do more harm than good. The fine ell 

 Converted into mud at the snrfae.- \,\ the least rnin, be- 

 lt is not sufficiently porous to let the water through 

 it; it dries into a hard crust, which effectually precludes 

 the access of air, and consequently stops the vegetation 

 of the seed. It is only by abundant manuring with organic 

 matter, especially of animal origin, that this natural tend- 

 ency in clays to cohere can be overcome ; and until this 

 is effected il is best to stir clay soils as deep as possible by 

 means of subsoil-ploughs, but the;/ should not be pul- 

 \criscd so that the water cannot run down between the 

 lumps and clods, and especially the surface should be left 

 in such a stale of roughness that heavy lains cannot cover 

 it with a coat of mud. The clods which are left on the sur- 

 face imbibe the moisture more gradually, and in drying 

 fall to pii ccs, by which the young plants are imigo 

 and. as it were, moulded up. This is particularly the 

 in winter after a frost, as all clay-land farmers are well 

 aware. It is very easily ascertained whether a soil will 

 bear much tillage or not. It is only necessary to try some 

 of it in a large pot or box : make the surface very fine Iry 

 breaking the clods, then water it abundantly, and let ft 

 dry in the suiu if a crust is formed in drying, that soil will 

 not bear too much harrowing and pulverising, and should 

 be left in a moderately rough state after sowing or drilling 

 the seed; but if, a Her it dries, the surface is Km-. 

 porous, then the liner the f jJlage the better the seed will 

 \cgetate. The whole depends on the ready admission of 

 air or its exclusion. \\'hcn grass-seeds are sown, tlu 

 face should be well pulverised ; but this cannot be safely 

 done if the soil is apt to run together when much rain falls 

 soon after the seed is sown. S.nne plants, like beans, will 

 their way through a very hard surface; but small 

 seeds are too weak to do ^o, a:id their growth is entirely- 

 stopped by the least crust on the surface. H, sides the 

 preparatory tillage Of the soil before sowing the seed, there 

 is a great advantage in the stining of il as the plants are 

 growing. On this depends all the meiit of the row-culture 

 for every kind of , . cia'ly those which have escu- 



lent roots or extensive foliage, and which are chiefly cul- 

 tivated for the sustenance of cattle. The effect of deep 

 tillage is here most remarkable. If rows of turnips or cab- 

 bages lie sown at such a distance that a small plough Or 

 other stirring implement can be used between them, and 

 the intervals be stirred more or less, and at different 

 depths, it will be found that the deeper and more frequent 

 the tillage, until the foliage covers the whole interval or 

 the bulbs swell to a great sixe. the heavier and 

 abundant the produce will be. It is worth while to try 

 the experiment : Sow Swedish turnips or mangold-wurzel 

 in rows three feet apart : let some of the rows be m 

 kepi clear of w eeds by -surface-hoeing, and the plants be 

 thinned out to the distance of a foot apart : let other inter- 

 val, lie stirred to different depths; some three inches, 

 some six iuchi s. and some nine inches or more. The 

 result v. ill be. that the first rows will appear to have bccii 

 sown much too far from each other, not half the ground 

 being covered with the foliage of the plants; the others 

 will lie covered more and more as the tillage has been 

 r, and the last will completely cover the whole in- 

 tervals. The roots or bulbs will be- in exact proportion 

 to the richness of the foliage, and the weight of the deeply 



