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winter was, in the seventeenth century, a very uncommon 

 thing, and Tilly met with much opposition to his plan ; 

 but at last the Imperial generals consented to continue 

 the war. Tilly attacked the Bohemians, who had taken 

 up a fortified position on the Weisse Berg, near Prague, 

 and in a few hours the Bohemian army was nearly de- 

 stroyed (8th of November, 1620), while only some hun- 

 dreds of the Bavarians were killed. Several of the Bohe- 

 mian nobles, who lived at Prague or resided in their 

 castles, were warned by Tilly to fly if they would avoid 

 the vengeance of the emperor ; but they paid no attention 

 to this generous advice, and were surprised : twenty -seven 

 of them were beheaded. 



After the brilliant victory on the Weisse Berg, Tilly 

 hastened to the Rhine for the purpose of preventing the 

 count of Mansfield from joining the margrave of Baden. 

 He succeeded in this object by his skilful manoeuvres. The 

 margrave of Baden-Durlach was attacked in the defiles of 

 Wimpt'cn, and defeated, after an heroic resistance (1622). 

 On the 2nd of June, 1622, he defeated Christian of Halber- 

 stadt at Hoohst ; he pursued Christian and Mansfield to 

 Westphalia ; defeated them at Stadt-Loo, near Miinster, in a 

 battle which lasted three days (4th to the 6th of August, 

 16215 :, and forced them both to disband their troops and 

 to take refuge in England. For his victory at Stadt-Loo, 

 Tilly was created a count of the empire. It has been 

 related, in the article THIRTY YEARS' WAR, how skil- 

 fully Tilly first weakened and then destroyed the army 

 of kini^ Christian IV. of Denmark ; but the principal 

 glory of this campaign was earned by Waldstem, WOO, 

 alter having joined Tilly on the banks of the Lower 

 Elbe, persuaded Tilly to turn his arms against Holland, 

 and to leave him the conquest of Denmark. After Wald- 

 stein had been deprived of his command in 1630, and 

 Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, had landed in Ger- 

 many, Tilly was appointed field-marshal and commander- 

 in -chief of the imperial army. He appreciated so justly the 

 military talents of his new opponent, that in the assembly 

 of the electors at Ratisbon he declared Gustavus Adolphus 

 to be so great a commander, that not to be beaten by him 

 wa> as honourable as to gain victories over other generals. 



The first great event of the new campaign was the cap- 

 ture of Masfdeburir, on the 10th of May, 1631. The Croats 

 and the Walloons in the imperial army committed unheard- 

 of cruelties against the unhappy inhabitants ; 30,000 of 

 them were killed, and the town was entirely destroyed after 

 three days' plunder. It has generally been believed that 

 some Imperial officers besought Tilly to stop the atrocities of 

 the soldiers, and that he coolly answered, ' Let them alone, 

 and come back in an hour.' But this is a mere invention, 

 and however severe Tilly was, he cannot be charged with 

 having urged the commission of cruelty, although he con- 

 sidered the plunder of a conquered town as the fair reward 

 of the soldier. On the 14th of May Tilly made his en- 

 trance into the smoking ruins of Magdeburg. In a letter 

 to the emperor he said that since the destruction of Troy 

 and Jerusalem there had been no such spectacle as that 

 which Mairdi-burg presented. Six months later Tilly, who 

 was in a fortified camp at Breitenfeld near Leipzig, was 

 forced, by the impetuosity of his lieutenant, Pappenheim, 

 to engage in battle with Gustavus Adolphus before his 

 reinforcements had arrived. Tilly himself was successful 

 in his attack on the left wing of the Swedes, which was 

 broken, and the elector of Saxony, who commanded it, 

 fled as far as Eilenburg. But Gustavus Adolphus, who 

 had beaten the left wing of the Imperialists, under the 

 command of Pappenheim, stopped the progress of Tilly, 

 and alter a long and bloody straggle the imperial army 

 was routed. When Tilly saw the flight of his .soldiers, he 

 swore that he would not survive the day on which he, the 

 victor in thirty-six battles, was to fly for the first time in 

 hi* life. Alone on the field the old field-marshal, bleed- 

 ing from three wounds, shed tears of despair, and looked 

 for death as his only consolation. However Duke Rudolph 

 of Saxc-Lauentmrg persuaded him to withdraw; and 

 Tilly, putting himseh' al the head of fonr regiments of 

 fought his way through the main body of the 

 SwulUh army. He narrowly escaped from the bold 

 attack of a Swedish captain, called 'Long Fritz,' who was 

 killed by a pistol-hot at the moment when he was seizing 

 the field-marshal (17th of September, 1631). After the 

 loss of tlie battle of Leipzig, fortune abandoned Tilly for 

 ever. Although he afterwards succeeded in driving the 



Swedes from Francor.ia, Gustavus Adolphus compelled 

 him to retire beyond the Lech. In order to prevent the 

 Swedes from penetrating into Bavaria, Tilly took up a very 

 strong position near Ram, on the right bank of that river. 

 Gustavus Adolphus, having arrived on the left bank oppo- 

 site Rain, opened a fire from all his batteries on the Bava- 

 rian camp, while his pontooniers endeavoured to construct 

 a bridge over the river (5th of April, 1632). Tilly made 

 the most active resistance, but a ball broke his thigh, and 

 he was removed from the field and carried to Ingolstadt. 

 After the fall of Tilly, the elector of Bavaria abandoned 

 his invincible position, and the Swedes crossed the river. 

 Tilly died on the day after the battle, in his seventy-third 

 year, without leaving any issue. 



Tilly was a little ugly man, with red hair, large whiskers, 

 a pale face, and piercing eyes. He continued to lead a 

 monastic life in the midst of the noise and the licence of 

 his camp ; he boasted that he had never touched wine nor 

 women ; he spoke little, but thought much ; he despised 

 honours and money ; the emperor wished to confer the 

 duchy of Brunswick-Calenberg upon him, but Tilly refused 

 it, and he died poor. 



(Julius Bellus, Laurea Austriaca ; Breyer, Geschichte 

 des Dreissigjdhrigen Krieges ; Schiller, Geschichte des 

 Dreiuigjanrigen Krteges ; Leo, Univerml-Geschichte.~) 



TILSIT (more correctly TILSE), the chief town of Prus- 

 sian Lithuania, is situated in 55 4' N. lat. and 21 56' E. 

 long., in a fertile country on the south bank of the river 

 Memel (called in Russia the Niemen). The little river 

 Tilzele (pronounced Tilshele) forms on the south side of 

 the town a large basin, and discharges itself, between the 

 town and the suburbs, into the Memel, over which there is 

 a bridge of boats, which is 1150 feet long without the ap- 

 proaches. The thirty-six boats or pontoons are removed at 

 the approach of winter into the Tilzele, and replaced in 

 spring. The master of the Teutonic Order built the old 

 castle in 1289, which was repaired and enlarged in 1356 ; 

 but the present castle, to the east of the town, was not built 

 till 1537- In process of time a considerable town grew up 

 round the castle ; favoured by its excellent situation it 

 became the channel for the great trade between the in- 

 terior of Russian Poland and the port of Memel, so that it 

 was one of the most flourishing towns in the province. 

 The principal buildings and public institutions are, the 

 castle, the town-hall (built in 1752-55), the German Lu- 

 theran church, with a very lofty and curious steeple, the 

 very pretty Lithuanian church, the Calyinist church, and 

 the Roman Catholic chapel on an eminence at a short 

 distance from the town ; the gymnasium, founded in 1586 ; 

 a Lutheran and a Roman Catholic hospital, a poor-house 

 and infirmary, and other charitable institutions. The bar- 

 racks, COO feet in length, 36 in breadth, and two stories 

 high, were erected in 1794-1800, by a society of the citi- 

 zens, that the troops might not be quartered in the houses. 

 The inhabitants, about 12,000 (exclusive of the garrison), 

 chiefly draw their subsistence from the trade in corn, lin- 

 seed, and timber ; many are engaged in agriculture (the 

 town possesses lands of its own, and many of the citizens 

 have considerable estates) ; and there are likewise brew- 

 eries, distilleries, tanneries, and all the trades usually 

 carried on in large towns. The shoes of Tilsit are cele- 

 brated for durability and neatness, and great quantities 

 of them are exported. There are many good gardens in 

 the town and environs, particularly those of the Horticul- 

 tural Society. 



Tilsit has acquired historical celebrity by the treaties of 

 peace concluded on the 7th and 9th of July, 1807, between 

 France, Russia, and Prussia, the terms of which are too 

 well known to be stated in this place : yet in five years 

 after this peace, which seemed to have laid continental 

 Europe prostrate at the feet of Napoleon, a part of that 

 immense army which was to have subdued Russia (Mac- 

 donald's division) was seen to return desponding, silent, 

 and miserable over that same river which had so lately wit- 

 nessed the triumph and splendour of the conqueror. 



(Miiller, Handbuch ; Preuss, Beschreibung von Preussen ; 

 Hassel, Ge.ogr. -Handbuch.) 



TILT-HAMMER, a large hammer worked by machinery, 

 impelled either by a water-wheel or a steam-engine. Such 

 hammers are extensively used in the manufacture of iron 

 and steel, and the name tilt-mill is sometimes applied to 

 the mechanism of which they form the principal feature. 



In the process ol shingling or blooming [laoN, vol- 



