T ! M 



T i M 



H. the heated iron is subjected (n a very heavy 



.1 ne\j 



Iross. Tho kind of lilt-l nnerly 



irpose i rppri ' i'id. in hfs 



in Ijirdner's M'aliinrt 



've ul' the 



hammer as nine feet in length, ami thirtv inches 



in circumfprenc and rlamned at intervals 



with stout iron hoops. This shtifl passed through the head 

 of the hammer, which was a mas> in, weighing 



nr eight rwt.. and was secured at the opposr 

 to a r . the hum!, the pro- 



which formed the axis or centre of 

 motion, and were sustained by a strong frame-work of 

 tiinl the hammer was placed a very strong hut 



igh ash bound with iron i 



;>ring to increase the 

 .>ke. the head of the hammer was 



thrown up ' -, a ponderous circular frame 



of iron, with lour projecting arms or teeth, which came in 



contact with the shaft very near to the head of the 



hammer. '11, is circular frame, or nrm-rasp, was fixed 



immediately upon the axis of tin heel which 



ied the mo\ing-power. In modern iron-works, the 



.ally formed entirely of iron, the 



:ing the actual head of the hammer being 



east-iron helve in such a manner 



that it may ho remo\ed when worn out. The spring-beam 



mently dispi -us, -d with, and the hammer is lifted 



anus acting upon the extremity of the 



helve, beyond the hammer-head, or by an eccentric, or 



cam. revolving in contact with a projection from the under 



side of the hehe, between the hammer-head and the axis 



or centre of motion. Holland represents a tilt-hamn 



the latter construction, which is about six tons in weight, 



and nine feet five inches long from the axis to the centre 



of the head. The hammer-head itself is circular, and 



nit eight, cwt. Such a hammer makes about 



one hundred and fifty si yokes per minute. 



'Hie tilt-hammers iised in tfie manufacture oi' steel are 



smaller and much more rapid in their action. Instead of 



receiving the impulse of the cams near their head. 



hammers are set in motion by tappets or cogs striking 



downwards upon the tail of the hehe or shall, which is 



iigcd beyond the axis. The tail of the helve is thus 



11 down forcibly upon an anvil, from which it 



rebound) with great velocity, causing the hammer to make 



from three to seven hum: - in a minute. Tilt- 



hium plied with great advantage to the forging 



When tilt-hammers are impelled by water-wheels, it is 



ible to fix the cams or arms upon a separate shaft. 



which may revolve at any required velocity without in- 



;ig the \eloeity of the water-wheel itself, by the 



intervention of snilai wheels. Without Inch an 



arrangement much of the useful effect of the water may 



he Ic-'. owing to the the wheel to a 



TniAKl'S T.>n.,.r .the son of Andromachus, was born 

 :it Tauromenium in Sicily, whence he is sometimes called 

 -romenian. and sometimes a Sicilian, to distinguish 

 him ,n s of the same num. 



hi- birth was B.C. Tt.V.2. Tie ,vas a disciple of I'hili'sciis of 

 Miletus, who had hiinselr been instructed b\ 



. ..null) In 

 .1)1011 he wc'nt "t This 



11 in-. :tl(), when 



Ihocle*, af '; iH-ra, and before taking his 



arirn iou* pretext* the 



f hiswcalt -, and endeavoured l 



i-scs.ioii- in SieiK by putting to death or sending 

 ichai he thought il Id .-.ardshim. Din- 



Sic., xx. : arsatAth. 



drtudving. , Polybii - About the year 



n.<. _><;<). when Athens WU taken by Antigomi*. Timaeus 



his native country, cither to 'I'auromenium or 



.t the remainder of bis life, and 



>l, the main subject 

 Sicily. It began at the c 



i down to Olyiupiiid U'.i 

 J04'. where the woik of Polybius begins. (Polybius, 



i. 5.^ How many hook* the rtain, 



though we know that (her. 



.en divided into la- 

 which formed in itself a - 

 spoken of by several writers as so m' - 

 Thtiii one section bore the and 



contained the early history of Sicily in connection with that 

 of Italy ; another was called 'SitiXii.-.! rni'KKXqi-irri. and con- 

 tained the history of Sicily and > 



the Athenian expedition* to Sicily. An< again 



contained the history of Airatboeles : ami the last t!i 

 lory of Pvrrhus. especially his campaign* in Italy and 

 Sicily. Tins last section was, according to the testimony 

 of Cicero A>l l-'umil.. \ . 1'J . a separate work, thongh, sj 

 regards the period which it comprehended, it m,. 



1 as a continuation of the great historical work. 

 This history of Timaeus, which, with the exception 



vrablc number of fi . "as com- 



menced by him during his exile at Athens, and ' : 

 advanced 'age ; but he did not complete it till after hfs 

 return to his own country ; and it was here that be ndded 

 the history of the last years of the reign of Agathocles and 

 wrote the history of Pyrr! 



and value of the work the antients do not ngr 

 bius is a vehement opponent of Timaeus. and compla- 

 ins ignorance of political as well as military a flairs; he 

 furthe: .it Timaeiis made blunders in the 



graphy even of places and countries which he himself had 

 visited. His knowledge, he says, was altogether d 

 from books; his judgment was puerile; and the whole 

 work bore strong marks of credulity and superstition. 

 But this is not all that Polybius blan 

 him with wilfully perverting the truth. Tin 

 which Timaeus himself had for censuring others is said 

 to have drawn upon him the nickname of Kpiti, 

 (fault-finder). (Athentrus, vi., p. 272.' Most parts of this 

 severe criticism of Polybius may be perfectly just ; but in 



1 to others we should remember thst these two his- 

 torians wrote their works with such totally different \ 

 that the work of Timaeus, who knew the world only from 

 his books, must in many respects have appeared absurd to 

 the author of a ' pragmatical' history, and to a statesman 

 and general like Polybius. Hut the lo<s of the work of 

 Timaeii-. e\cn if lie did no more than make an uncritical 

 compilation of what others had told before him, is one of 

 the greatest in antieut history. Other ancient w 

 such as Diodorus, Agatharchidi <. Cicero, and others, judge 

 far more favourably of Timaeus. The style of the work. 

 as far as we can judge from the fragmem -.cen- 



sured by some antient critic ril and dec'. 



lory character ; although others, like Cicero !> 'Intl.. 

 ii. 14 ; Hmtii*. !)."> . speak of it with praise. Timaeus i- 

 the first ('.reek historian who introdr.- 

 of ehronoli-. . he regularly n . cord- 



ing to Olympiads and 1h. : and al- 



i. in the ear!} his history, his want of 



-in led him into gloss rhn ' the 



example which . ' . fill and convenient. 



It must ha\e been with a view to an accurate study of 

 chronology that he wrote a work on the \ictois in the 

 Olympian Camis, of which we still possess a few frag- 



The fragments ol'Ti. in (ililler's work, 



.' ]). 'Jd7. <Ve.. which also 



contains 'pp. ]"!> 'Jnr. 'lion on the life 



and writings of Timaens. The 1'ia^nnnl 



1 T. Miiller. .rtim 



1 1. pp. l!i:. 

 I >f II. . p. 1 i7. edit. \Ycsti -rmami : Clinton. 



fcc. 



'I'l.MAl-'.I s i,, a Greek Sophist, who. according to 



the supposition of Kulinkcn. lived in the third century uf 

 the Clnistian MT:I. ( 'oneerning his life nothing is known : 

 me has onh come d. i.m with a 



little vocabulary containing the explanation of words and 

 phrases which occur in the writings of Plato. 11 heals the 

 title it TUIV TOV nXoVuvoc XJJ/i.u. and is iledieaied to one 

 Gentianus, of who ". \Vhether 



9eH I he gemo :| ry pf Ti- 



miiens is doubtful ; a i < from 



[n it which ha\e no leference to Plato, 



and in . one 



might feel iMaMI WbflHer the \vork as it now stands 



