T I M 



455 



T I M 



as an abridgment of the Glossary of Timaeus, if Photius, 

 who must huvi' had the genuine work before him, did not 

 describe it as a very little work ((Spax* irovi)fidrcov iv ivi 

 \vfif). But notwithstanding its brevity, the work is very 

 valuable; and Ruhnken owns that he has not discovered 

 in it a single instance of a word or a phrase being ex- 

 plained incorrectly. There is only one MS. of this Glos- 

 sary, which appears to have been made in the tenth cen- 

 tury of our aera, and which was unknown until Montfaucon 

 drew attention to it. It'was first edited, with an excellent 

 commentary, by Ruhnken, at Leyden, 1754, 8vo. ; a second 

 and much 'improved edition appeared in the same place, 

 1783, 8vo. Two other editions have since been published 

 in Germany, with additional notes by G. A. Koch (Leip- 

 zig, 182H and 1833, 8vo.). 



Suidas (s. v. Ti/imos) ascribes to Timaeus, the Sicilian 

 historian, a rhetorical work, called 2t/XXoy} pi/ropuwv a<fa>(j- 

 ftwi; in sixty-eight books, which Ruhnken, with great 

 probability, attributes to Timaeus the Sophist, who wrote 

 the Glossary to Plato. 



Uuhnken, Praefatio ad Timaei Glossarium Platoni- 



rnni. 



TIMAEUS (Ti'paiof ";, of Locri, a Pythagorean philosopher. 

 He was a contemporary of Plato, who is mentioned among 

 hi pupils, and is said to have been connected with him by 

 friendship. (Cicero, De Finibus, v. 29 ; DC Re Publ., 

 i. 10. j There exists a work, Fltpi rijc roO c6<r/jou ^"Xijc 

 l)e Anima Mundi ;' or, on the Soul of the Universe ;, 

 written in the Doric dialect, which is usually ascribed to 

 Tiinaous the Locrian. It contains a brief exposition of the 

 Kiine ideas which are developed in the Dialogue of Plato, 

 which is called after him Timaeus. (Tenneraann, Si/*t<-ni 

 i/i'i- 1'lntoiiiM-lii'n P/>i/r,s<iphie,i., p. 93, &C.1 Sepaiate 

 editions of it have been published by D'Argens, at Berlin, 

 1702, Hvo., with a French translation ; and by J. J. de 

 (icMcr. at Leyden, 1830, 8vo. 



This Timaeus of Locri is said by Suidas to have also 

 wrilteu the Life of Pythagoras : but the usual carelessness 

 of Suidas renders this a doubtful point, as be may possibly 

 have confciundL'd the Locrian with the Sicilian Timaeus, 

 who in his great historical work must have treated of the 

 History uf Pythagoras at considerable length. 



(Fabricius, Itililinth.Uruir.. iii.. p. !4, &;<.; Goller, De 

 nrisinf Si/r/ii-iitiii-iim, p. 200, &c.) 



TIMA'LIA, a" genus of birds characterized by Dr. 

 ..Id. 



fj'rnri ir f'/mracter. Bill strong compressed, deep 

 altuml. Nnxtrilx subrounded. Wings short, rounded. 

 Tail elongated and graduated. Feet strong : hind-claw 

 twice as large as the middle anterior claw. 



Dr. Horsfield states that a peculiar character is ex- 

 hibited in bothjhe species of Tininlin recorded by him, in 

 the structure of the plumes, which cover the back and the 

 upper parts of the neck, as well as the breast, belly, vent, 

 ami thighs. He remarks that the separate filaments 

 ' of Illiger), which constitute the vanes or webs of 

 those plumes, are not in close contact, as is generally the 

 case, but, being inserted into the shaft at a small distance 

 from each other, they diverge with perfect, regularity. 

 ' The parts which they cover,' says Dr. Horsfield in con- 

 tinuation, ' are accordingly marked with delicate parallel 

 lines, and wherever several plumes lie over each other, 

 they form a beautiful reticulation. On the posterior part 

 of the abdomen, the vent, and the thighs, the plumes 

 have a similar structure ; but. the filaments are greatly 

 rated and pendulous, so as to envelop those parts 

 with a lax plumose covering, which on near inspection 

 appears covered with delicate hairs. This appearance is 

 u-rd by a series of very minute parallel villi, on each 

 of the separate filaments, arranged with great regularity 

 and beauty. Plume* in which this structure can be 

 i tied with the naked eye are named decompound by 

 id described as those whose radii are pinnated 

 ei lateral radii ; and the effect which the 

 arrangement of these decompound plumes has in the 

 nrance of the bird is exhibited with accuracy both in 

 the figure of Tii,/">m pilrata and Timalia guluri*: 



nil', Tiil"ili" / if'-nf". 



/i -Body ovate, rather stout. General colour 



above, brown with an olivaceous tint ; underneath, testa- 

 ::rey. Head capped with saturated 

 mt and "cheeks white. Breast white in- 

 clining to grey, marked with intensely black stripes by the 



shafts of the plumes. A narrow white band commences 

 at the forehead, near the base of the bill, passes back- 

 ward, encircles the eye, and unites with the white plumes 

 of the cheeks. Axillae white ; which colour al.-o shows 

 itself in a narrow border of the wing. Quills and tail- 

 feathers of a more pure brown colour than the other parts ; 

 very narrow transverse undulations, of a darker colour, ob- 

 servable on the tail-feathers by close examination. Plumes 

 of the hypochondriac, thighs, and vent, long, pendulous, 

 decompound, and villose. Lesser wing-coverts, as well as 

 the plumes which cover the nape and back, greyish-blue at 

 the base ; which colour shows itself on the separate fila- 

 ments or radii, if the plumes are accidentally deranged. 

 Tail underneath brown, with a hoary tint. Bill black and 

 shining. Feet brown. (Horsf.) 



Locality, Habits, $c. Dr. Horsfield observes that the 

 species is not unfrequent in the groves and small woods 

 which abound throughout Java. It often, he says, ap- 

 proaches villages and plantations, constructing its nest in 

 the hedges ; and he speaks of it as one of the social birds 

 that delight to dwell in the vicinity of cultivation. In 

 large forests he did not notice it. . He describes its flight 

 as low and interrupted, and adds that wherever it resides 

 it is a welcome neighbour, in consequence of the peculi- 

 arity and pleasantness of its note, which consists of a slow 

 repetition of the five tones of the diatonic scale (c, n, E, 

 F, G), which it chants with perfect regularity, several 

 times in succession, and at small intervals of time. Dr. 

 Horsfield further remarked that the sixth tone was some- 

 times added ; but as this required apparently an extraor- 

 dinary effort, it was by no means so agreeable to a musical 

 car as the simple repetition of the five notes, which 

 appeared to be the natural compass of the bird's organs. 

 (Zooiogvtfi Researches in Java.} 



Timalia pileata. (Horef.) 



TIMALI'N^E, Mr. G. R. Gray's name for his third sub- 

 family of Tiii-didee. [THRUSHES ; TIMALIA.] 



TIMANBE8. [SIERRA LEONE.] 



TIMANTHES, a native of Sicyon or of Cytlmos, was 

 one of the most celebrated painters of Greece ; he was 

 contemporary with Zeuxis and Pan-basins, and lived about 

 400 B.C. The works of Timanthes were distinguished par- 

 ticularly for their invention and expression, and one of the 

 chief merits of his invention was, that he left much to be 

 supplied by the imagination of the spectator. There is a 

 remark in Pliny (Hint. Nat., xxxv. 30), probably a quota- 

 tion, which bestows the highest praise upon Timanthes : it 

 says, though in execution always excellent, the execution 

 is invariably surpassed by the conception. As an instance 

 of the ingenuity of Timanthes' invention, the same writer 

 tells us of a picture of a sleeping Cyclops, painted upon a 

 small panel, but in which the painter had conveyed a per- 

 fect idea of the giant's huge size, by adding a few satyrs 

 measuring his thumb with a thyrsus. 



Though Timanthes was evidently one of th greatest 



painters of antiquity, antient authors have mentioned only 



I' his works: Pausanias makes no mention of him at 



all, and Cicero classes him among the painters who used 



only four colours.* He painted a celebrated picture of the 



See ' Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,' art. ' Colores.' 



