T I N 



470 



T I N 



to whiteness it takes fire, and burns with a white 

 fUme, an.! :tcdinto; . tin. If slowly 



11, il exhibits a crystalline p]> 



nut Tin do not readily combine at common 



unite in three proportions, |., ruling 



If. sometimes called acid, tlir sesqui- 



.er-or bin-oxide, riri|ui-ntly termed stannic 



:n cannot he proeuud perfectly pure 



.rtion: the best niclhoil ,11; it' is to 



!' protochloride of tin. fvn]ionito it 



mill then t lit unite it in a mortar with 



.!'i/.ed curb -la. which decomposes 



d le:ive-i tile protoxide of tin. 



\Yhcn th i washed, and dried run-fully on the 



if ;i fine bluish-hlai k colour, is very soluble 



in hydrochloric ncid, and when heated in the air it takes 



fin-. "burns, :nd i s converted into peroxide: the d'-usity of 



\ideoftin isU-GGC: it is soluble in solution ol potash 



:mil soda, hut not in ammonia, nor do the alkaline carbo- 



it. It N composed of 

 ( )ne equivalent of oxygen . . 8 

 One equivalent of tin . . . ">S 



Equivalent . . 66 

 The alkaline solutions of this oxide gradually deposit 

 metallic- tin. mid peroxide remains in solution. Its salts 

 icadily absorb oxygen from the air, and form corn- 

 Is which readily yield oxygen; and it is on this 

 ai-eount tliat it converts the scsquioxidc of iron into prot- 

 oxide, and precipitates silver, mercury, and platimi in 

 their metallic, state. With gold a purple compound is 

 d, known by the name of the purple powder ol 

 1'he hydrate of this oxide of tin is white. 



' Tin is formed by mixing fresh precipi- 

 tated and moist hydrate of peroxide of iron with a solution 

 of protochloride of tin, as free as possible from hydro- 

 chloric acid : by the mutual action of these substances a 

 slimy grey matter is thrown down, which is generally 

 slightly yellow, from the of a little peroxide o 



iron, "it'is composed of 



( )ne equivalent and a half of oxygen 12 

 One equivalent of tin . . 58 



Equivalent . . 70 



It is soluble in hydrochloric acid, and also in ammonia 

 which last property distinguishes it from the protoxide 

 and it is distinguished from the peroxide by giving a 

 purple precipitate with the salts of gold. 



J'i ' "!' "f Tin, in- Maniiir Arid. This i 



readily prepared by the action of strong nitric acid slightly 

 diluted upon tin: violent action occurs, and the binoxidi 

 formed remains in the state of hydrate : after washing and 

 drying and exposure to a red neat, the binoxide remain 

 pure, and is of a straw-yellow colour : the pcrchloride o 

 tin, when decomposed liy an alkali, also yields binoxide o 

 tin : when it has been rendered red-hot it is quite in 

 soluble in acids, and acts as an acid by forming solubl 

 compounds with the alkalis, which are called ttanimlrx 

 the moistened hydrate acts as an acid also in reddeniiiL, 

 litmus-paper, when melted with glass it forms a whit 

 enamel. 



It is composed of 



Two equivalent* of oxygen . . ie 

 equivalent, of tin ... 58 



Kqmvalent . . 71 



f'hlnrini' unil Tin combine to form the protochlorid 

 and the pcrchloridp. The protochloride is pn-paied li 

 dimtolving the metal in hot hydrochloric acid till tl 

 lution nl hydn ascs : the solution i 



and deposits crystals, which -ometimes arc ncicii 1 . 

 at others prisms" of considerable size. They consist of 

 One equivalent of chlorine . 



One equivalent of tin . . . ~M 



Three equivalents of water . . -J7 



Kquivalent . 1-1 

 When heated to about 212. the whole of the 



a exiielled: nt a higher temperature hydrochlon 



I. an. I oxiehloride of tin remains. It i 



soluble in a ninall quanli . but decomposed 1. 



large quantity, oxiehloride of tin being prccipitat 



The protochloride of tin is used as a nioidant in ca 

 rrintiiig. and in chemical i .1 de-oxidi 



rting ill the mode ah ulrvd. 



1'rotoehloride of tin may I i by distilling a 



nixture of equal weigh! i tin and bieh! 



>!' mercury, or of protochloilde of inereuiy. or liy I 

 nitting hydrochloric acid ga< over tin healed in a 

 uhe ; in all these ca.-i . and 



s a grey solid, of a resinous lustre, which I-. icd- 



16M anil sublimes at a high temperature. 



Itir/ii /':,/ may be prepared in several mn 



.ir.-t. by heating the ]irotoeliloride ill chlorin 



-..King tile hydrated peroxide ill hydrochloric acid; 

 third, by putting tin into the mixture of hydrochloric and 

 litric acid, called uijuti rrffiii, which yieli 

 line ; fourth, when a mixture of 1 part of tin with -1 : 

 of bichloride of mercury is distilled with a gentle heat, a 

 colourless limpid liquid is obtained, which fumes strongly 

 in moist air; this is the bichloride of tin, formerly ki 

 by the name of the fuming liquor of I.ibavins : it boils at 

 j'lH". is. rendered solid by the addition of one third of 

 its weight of water, and dissolves in a larger quantity : by 

 the action of alkalis it is decomposed, hjdrated j 

 tin being precipitated. 

 It consists of 



Two equivalents of chlorine 72 



One equivalent of tin . . ")S 



Equivalent^ . . 130 



A solution of this salt under the name of mtromuriate of 

 tin is extensively used in dyeins; and calico-pin, i 



>V//j/ir and fin combine in three proportions : the ];ro- 

 tosulphuret is prepared by adding to melted tin ai: equal 

 weight of sulphur, and stirring the mixture till combina- 

 tion is effected; the product is to be powdered when cold, 

 mixed with an equal weight of sulphur, and thrown in 

 small portions into a hot crucible and eventually heated 

 to redness. Its properties are. that it is of a bluish-black 

 colour, has a metallic lustre, fuses at a red heat, and when 

 cooled has a lamellated texture. When bydrotulphurio 

 acid ::as is passed into a solution of protochloride of tin, a 

 similar compound is obtained ; hydrochloric acid dissolves 

 proto.sulpluuet of tin with the evolution of hydrosulphurie 

 acid gas, a solution of the protochloride of tin being 

 Conned* 



It is composed of 



One equivalent of sulphur . 16 



One equivalent of tin . . 58 



Equivalent . . 74 



Sesqiiixiiljilniri't if Tin. To prepare this, finely pow- 

 dered protosulphuret of tin is to be mixed with a third of 

 icht of sulphur, and the mixture is to be heated to 

 moderate redness until sulphur is no ion'jvr volatilized. 

 It has a deep greyish-yellow colour, and when strongly 

 heated is reconverted to the state of protosulphuret; 

 when heated in hydrochloric acid, hydrosulphurie iras is 

 given out. 



It is constituted of 



One and a half equivalent of sulphur -I 

 One equivalent of tin 



Kquivalent . . . S'J 

 JliMi/ji/niri't "f Tin may be prepared in diil'erent in 

 when hydi-osiilphuric acid or hvdrosulphatc of ammonia is 

 added to a solution of bichloride of t.m.a bulky precipitate 

 of a dirty yellow colour is obtained ; this is hydralcd bisul- 

 phuret of liu : in the dry way it is procured D] heating in 



a retort twelve parts of tin amalgamated with .six p.,. 

 mercury, rubbed up with seven parts of sulphur Mi 

 of hydrochlorate of ammonia; the mercury facilitati 

 combination of the tin and sulphur, and the ammoniaeal 

 salt, 1 iiation, appears to prevent the 1< 



becoming so high as to decompose the bisulphuiet of tin 

 formed. This substance, formerly known to the alche- 

 mists by the name of .turn/it nniMriuii, or ,'d, is 

 in crystalline scales, and sonietu nle plates, of a 

 golden-yellow colour and metallic lustre. It is not soluble 

 in any aeid, but mi-eent chlorine, in the form of what was 

 I'oimerly called <njii:i i-i'ain, dissolves il : it is soluble also 

 in solution of potash and soda, forming what. 1m. c been 

 called suli 



