T I T 



50fi 



T I T 



ervrtals Rutile is found in Perthshire, Bohemia, Switzer- 



land. specially at St. Golhard, and "ther parts 



f Furope; and also in Brazil and No.th America. It 



cotuUts of. according to H. Rose-oxy, iita, 



n G6t> .requently more or lev, nu\d with 



oxide of iron and of manganese, and sometimes with oxide 



- a dimorphous variety of rutile. 



Occurs in atlacl. "an I'"-'' 1 -\ "K 111 * 



xism Cleavage parallel to the latc.al p'.anes ami short 

 diagonal. Fracture uneven. Hardness : scratches fluor- 

 spar. and is scratched bv phosphate ol lime. Brittle 

 dolour, deep red, and reddish or yellowish brown. S 

 yellowiah white adwnMtine. Translucent, t.ans- 



b*rent. opaque. Specific gravity unknown. Occurs in 

 bauphinv and Switzerland, but in la. J al Snow- 



don in Wales. It has not been completely analyiM, but 

 appears to be titanic acid with traces ol iron and 111:111-. 



The minerals which wo shall next describe are the tita- 

 niate* of iron : they vary greatly both in form and com- 

 lon, some being crystallized and other* granular; the 

 fatter are frequently termed titaniferous iron-sand. 



Kibitelophan ; Axolomous Iron. Occurs in imbedded 

 crystals. Primary form a rhomboid. Cleavage perpen- 

 dicular to he axis ; distim-t. Fracture conchpidal. Hard- 

 ness 5-0 to 5-5. Brittle. Colour dark iron black, weak 

 black. Lustre imperfect metallic. Opaque. Specific 

 gravity 4-661. Found at Gastein in Salzburg ; in Sweden, 

 and Siberia. Analysis of a specimen from Gastein, by 

 Kobell : titanic acid, 53-00; protoxide of iron, 30-00- 

 peroxide of iron, 4-23 ; protoxide of manganese. l'G.>. 



Jlmfrtite Occurs in imbedded crystals. Primary form 

 a right rhombic prism. No cleavage observed. Fracture 

 uneven to conehoidal, with a vitreous lustre. Hardness 

 50- scratches glass slightly. Colour black. Opaque. Spe- 

 cific gravity 5-43. It is found near Lake Ilmen in Siberia. 

 Analysis by Mosander: titanic acid, 40-92: protoxide of 

 iron, 37-86 ; peroxide of iron, 1074 ; protoxide of manga- 

 nese, 2-73; magnesia, 1-14. 



Crichtonite. Occurs in attached crystals. Cleavage 

 parallel to the axis. Fracture concnoidal, splendent 

 Hardness: scratches fluor-spar, but not glass. Brittle 

 Does not obey the magnet. Colour shining black. Streak 

 black. Lustre imperfect metallic. Opaque. Specific 

 gravity 4. It has not been completely analyzed ; but, ac- 

 cording to Berzclius, it consists of titanic acid and oxide o 

 iron. 



Mohtite. Occurs in attached muled crystals. Pn 

 mary form a rhomboid. No visible cleavage. Fracture 

 conchoidal, shining. Hardness : scratches glass readily 

 Brittle. Does not affect the magnet. Colour iron black- 

 Streak black. Lustre metallic;. Opaque. Found in Dau- 

 phiny. It appears to be a titaniate of iron, but has not 

 been completely analyzed. 



Of granular titaniate of iron and titaniferous iron-sand 

 we shall describe three varieties : 



Nigiin. Occurs in flat rounded grains of about the size 

 of a pea, with occasional indications of a crystalline form 

 Stiucture foliated. Very hard. Brittle. Colour greyish 

 black. Lustre metallic. Specific; gravity 4-44.~>. Ana- 

 lysis by Klaproth : titanic acid, 84 ; protoxide of iron 

 14 : protoxicle of manganese, 2. Found in Transylvania. 

 mite. Occurs in small angular grains. Struc 

 tnre imperfectly lamellar. Fracture fine-grained, uneven 

 Hardness yields to the knife. Colour greyish black 

 Lustre glistening. Opaque. Specific tenuity 4'427. Oc 

 curs in rivulets in the parish of St. Kvverne, Cornwall 

 it has also been found in New South Wales. The picket 

 grains, analyzed by Dr. Colquhoun, gave titanic acid 

 &7-1H7; protoxide of iron, 39-780; protoxide of manganese 



- 



hfrtnf. Occurs in very small flatfish angular grains 

 which have a rough glimmering surface. Structure la 

 mellar. Crosi fracture conchoidal. Very hard. Slight); 

 attracted by the magnet. Opaque. Lustre semi-metallic' 

 Specific gravity about 4-5. Found on the Kicscngcbirge 

 rn-nr the- origin ol the river Iser in Silesia : in Bohemia 

 ir. the river Don in Scotland, and that of the. Mersey op 

 Liverpool. By the analysis of H. Ko-c, it consist 

 of titanic acid, SV) 12 : protoxide of iron, 40-88. It i 

 probably a variety of Mi im.'cAiuto. 



ite: Titaninle nf M'inganett. Occurs in smal 

 amorphous mattes and crystallized. Primary form pro 



ably an oblique rhombic prism. Hardness, greater than 

 liatof fluor-spar or phosphate nf lime, but does not scratch 

 glass. Colour deep io-c red : tin- crystals are splendent, 

 xcept the terminal laces, which are often dull and tar- 

 nshcd. Specific gravity 3'4 I. It is found in the man- 

 ganese deposit of St. Marcel in Piedmont. Analysis by 

 M. < 'arcane.: titanic acid, 7-1 "> : oxide of manga' 

 24-8. 



/./n'-iif ; S]>inthtrp: Silir/t-litaniatfnfLimt. Occurs in 

 ittached and imbedded crystals, and massive. Primary 

 brm an oblique rhombic prism. Cleavage indi-i 

 'racture even, slightly concnoidal. Hardness : sci;r 

 ihosphatc of lime, but is scratched by felspar. Colour, 

 .aiious shades of grey, green, yellow, and brown. Streak 

 white or greyish-white. Lustre adamantine, resinous, 

 ria.isparcnt, translucent, opaque. Specific giavity:- 

 o 3'0. Sphene is found interspersed in primary rocks, as 

 ,n granite and gneiss and more particularly in syenite, in 

 Norway. Germany. Switzerland, and also in America. The 

 "of the analysis of spheiio vary considerably ; the 

 following is by Klaproth : titanic acid, 33 ; silicic acid, 

 3,") ; lime, 33. 



Aeschymte. Titaniate of zirconia and cerium, &c. 

 Occurs crystallized. Primary form a right rhombic prism. 

 Cleavage difficult, and only parallel to the basis of the 

 primary form. Fracture conchoidal. Hardness: scratches 

 phosphate of lime, and is scratched by felspar. Colour 

 black : streak greyish-black. Lustre resinous. Opaque. 

 Specific gravity 5* 14. Found at Miask, in the Uialian 

 IVIountains, Siberia. Analysis by Hartwall : titanic ai:id, 

 56-0; zirconia, 20'0; oxide of cerium, 15-0; lime, 3-8; 

 oxide of iron, 2- 6 ; oxide of zinc, 5. 



The principal natural substances containing titanium 

 being now described, we proceed to consider its artificial 

 compounds. 



Oj-ygni mill Titanium. It has already been stated 

 that these combine with difficulty by direct means. When 

 rutile, or titanic acid, is dissolved in hydrochloric, acid, a 

 piece of zinc, immersed in the solution occasions the form- 

 ation and precipitation of a deep purple-coloured powder, 

 which is protoxide of titanium : so great however is the 

 facility with which it returns to the state of peroxide, that 

 it cannot be collected; and hence the composition of this 

 oxide has not been perfectly determined. It is however 

 probably composed of 



One equivalent of oxygen . 8 

 One equivalent of titanium . 21 



Equivalent . . 32 



When also titanic acid is exposed to a strong heat, a 

 portion of it loses oxygen, and a black mass is formed, 

 which is the protoxide ; it has an earthy fracture, i- 

 luble in acids, and difficult to reconvert to the titanic acid. 

 It lias been already mentioned thai auata>c is probably the 

 protoxide of titanium. 



Peroxide of Titanium, Titanic Acid. Rutile is tii 

 acid nearly pure : when it is reduced to fine powder and 

 fused in a platina ciucible, with three times its weight o( 

 carbonate of potash, titaniate of potash is obtained, mixed 

 with some excess of carbonate of potash ; this is to be re- 

 moved by washing with water, and titanic acid is then 

 precipitated by dilution and heat ; and after washing with 

 dilute hydrochloric acid, is nearly pure titanic acid 

 properties are, that when pure it is quite white, very infuri- 

 ble, and after it hag been heated is soluble only in hydio- 

 fluoric acid. Its acid powers are feeble ; it is insoluble in 

 water, and does not act on vegetable blues ; it combines 

 however with alkalis and metallic oxides, forming salts 

 which are termed titaniatet. It is probably composed 

 of 



Two equivalents of oxygen . 16 

 One equivalent of titanium . 24 



Equivalent . . 40 



<'lilorin and Titanium combine when the gas is passed 

 over metallic titanium at a red heat. It is a colourless 

 tiansparent fluid, and boils at a little above 212', is vola- 

 tilized, and condenses unchanged. When c \po.-cd to the 

 air it deliquesces and when a lew drops of it are mixed with 

 an equal bulk of water, combination takes place with con- 

 nide.able violence and the evolution of intense heat. It 

 absorbs dry ammoniacal gas, and from the compound so 



