T I T 



507 



T I T 



jbtained Liebig prepared metallic titanium. It appears 



to consist of 



Two equivalents of chlorine 72 

 One equivalent of titanium . 24 



Equivalent . . 90 



Tincture of galls, when added to a solution of titanic 

 acid, occasions an orange-red colour, probably owing to 

 the tannic acid which the tincture contains ; this is very 

 characteristic of the presence of titanic acid. 



The other compounds of titanium are but little known ; 

 the peroxide, or titanic acid, unites both with bases and 

 acids to form saline compounds : the former are called 

 titaniates. 



TITANS CftTavif, fern. TiraWac) is the name by which 

 in the mythology of antient Greece a certain class of sons 

 and daughters of Uranus and Gaea are designated. The 

 original name of Gaea was said to have been Titaea, from 

 which Titans was derived. (Diodorus Sic., iii. 5(5.) The 

 beings generally comprised under the name of Titans were 

 Oceanus, Coeus. Ciius, Hyperion, lapetus, Cronus, Thetys, 

 Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Dione, and Them. 

 (Apollodor., Bibliolli.,i. 1, 3; Diodorus Sic., v. 66.) Other 

 writers, as Stephanus of Byzantium (*. r. "Alava\ Pausa- 

 nias (viii. 37, 3), and others, differ both in the names and 

 numbers of the Titans. Uranus had by Gaea to other 

 sets of children, viz. the Hecatoncheires 'centimani, or 

 beings with a hundred arms), and the Cyclops; and these 

 two he east into Tartarus, at which Gaea, their mother, 

 was so indignant, that she induced the Titans to revolt 

 against their lather, Uranus, and gave to Cronus an ada- 

 mantine sickle with which he castrated his father. Ocea- 

 nus took no part in this rebellion. After Uranus was 

 deprived of the sovereignty, and the Hecatoncheircs toge- 

 ther with the Cyclops were led back from the lower world, 

 the supreme power was gh in by the brothers to Cronus. 

 But Cronus again threw them into Tartarus, and married 

 his sister Rhea ; as however Gaea and Uranus had prophe- 

 sied to him that he would be deprived of the sovereignty 

 by his own children, he devoured all the children whom 

 Rh";i bore him. But when she was pregnant with Zeus, 

 she withdrew to Crete, where she gave birth to him in a 

 cavern, and afterwards had him educated by the Curetes 

 and nymphs. To deceive Cionus, she had given him a 

 stone wrapt up like a child, which he devoured. When 

 Zeus had grown up, he took Metis, the daughter of Ocea- 

 nus, and with her assistance he administered a poison to 

 Cronus, which made him vomit out the children he had 

 swallowed, viz. Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Pluto, and Poseidon, 

 and with their aid Zeus now commenced a war against his 

 father, which lasted for ten years. This straggle, celebrated 

 in mythology as the war of the Titans, wa* terminated by 

 Zeus relieving the ( 'yclops from Tartarus, and by his gain- 

 inj with their weapons the victory over the Titans, who 

 were now cast, into Tartarus, and were guarded there by 

 the Hecatoncheires. Zeus and his brothers now divided 

 the sovereignty of the world among themselves. (Apollo- 

 dor., Bibiioth., i. 1 and 2.) 



The name Titan has also been given to those superhuman 

 beings who were desc-ended from the Titans, such as Pro- 

 metheus, Hecate, Latona, Pyrrha, Helios, &c. It more- 

 over occurs as a designation "of a very early race of men in 

 Crete and Egypt. 



(Lobeck, Aglaophamat, p. 763; BiHtiger, Ideen zur 

 Kunntmythfjlngie, p. 217, &c. ; Viilcker, Mythologie des 

 filer files, p. 280, &c.) 



TITC'HFIELD. [HAMPSHIRE, vol. xii., p. 32.] 



TITHES are the tenth part of the increase yearly 

 arising and renewing from the profits of lands, the stock 

 upon lands, and the personal industry of the inhabitants, 

 and are offerings payable to the church by law. 



Under the theocratic government of the Jews the tenth 

 part of the yearly increase of their goods was due to the 

 priests by divine right. ' And behold I have Riven the 

 children of Levi all the tenth in Israel for an inheritance, 

 for their service- which they serve, even the service of the 

 tabernacle of the congregation.' (Numbers, xviii. 21.) And 

 again, 'Thou shall truly tithe all the increase of the seed, 

 that the field bringeth year by year.' (Deut., xiv. 22.) 

 And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the 

 land or of the fruit of the tree, is the Lord's ; it is holy 

 unto the Lord.' ' And concerning the tithe of the herd or 

 of the flock, even of whatsoever passeth under the rod, 



the tenth shall be holy unto the Lord.' (Levit., xxvii. 

 30. 32.) 



In the earliest ages of the Christian church offerings 

 were made by its members at the altar, at collections, and 

 in other ways, and such payments were enjoined by decrees 

 of the church and sanctioned by general usage. For many 

 centuries however they were voluntary, and not enforced 

 by any civil laws. When the church was struggling 

 against persecution, the Christians brought all their 

 worldly goods into a common stock for the benefit of all. 

 ' And the multitude of them that believed were of one 

 heart and of one soul : neither said any of them that aught 

 of the things which he possessed was his own ; but they 

 had all things in common.' ' Neither was there any among 

 them that lacked ; for as many as were possessors of lands 

 or houses sold them, and brought the prices of the things 

 that were sold, and laid them down at the apostles' feet : 

 and distribution was made unto every man according is 

 he had need.' (Acts, iv. 32, 34, 35.) They then had no 

 other object than the defence and support of their faith ; 

 they required no compulsion to make offerings to their 

 infant church. But when the church had increased in 

 power, and began to number amongst its members many 

 who adhered to it because it was the prevailing religion, 

 rather than on account of any enthusiasm or reverence for 

 its divine origin and doctrines, it was found necessary to 

 enforce certain fixed contributions for the support of the 

 ministers of religion. The church relied upon the example 

 of the Jews, and required a tenth to be paid. Meanwhile 

 the conversion of temporal princes to Christianity, and their 

 zeal in favour of their new faith, enabled the church to 

 obtain the enactment of civil laws to compel the payment 

 of tithes. In Easjland the first instance of a law for the 

 iiC of tithes was that of Off'a, king of Mercia, towards 

 the >odcfthe eighth century. He first gave the church 

 a civil right in tithes, and enabled the clergy to recover 

 them as their legal due by the coercion of the civil power. 

 The law of Oft'a was at a later period extended to the 

 whole of England by king Ethelwulph. (Prideaux, On 

 Tithes, 167.) 



At first, though every man was obliged to pay tithes, 

 the particular church or monastery to which they should 

 be paid appears to have been left to his own option. In 

 the year 1200, however, Pope Innocent III. directed a 

 decretal epistle to the archbishop of Canterbury, in which 

 he enjoined the payment of tithes to the parsons of the 

 respective parishes in which they arose. This parochial 

 appropriation of tithes has ever since been the law of 

 the land. (Coke, 2 Inst., 641.1 The same pope gave 

 similar instructions in other countries at about the same 

 time. 



The tithes thus payable were of three kinds, viz. prreciial, 

 mixed, and personal. Precdiul tithes are such as arise 

 immediately from the ground, as grain of all sorts, fruits, 

 and herbs. Mired tithes arise from things nourished by 

 the earth, as colts, calves, pigs, lambs, chickens, milk, 

 cheese, and eggs. Personal lithes are paid from the 

 profits arising from the labour and industry of men engaged 

 in trades or other occupations ; being the tenth part of the 

 clear gain, after deducting all ciiarges. (Watson, On 

 Tithes, c. 49.) 



Tithes are further divided into great and small. The 

 former consist of corn, hay, wood, &c. ; the latter of 

 the prsedial tithes of other kinds, together with mixed and 

 personal tithes. This distinction is arbitiary, and not de- 

 pendent upon the relative value of the different kinds of 

 tithe within a particular parish. Potatoes, for instance, 

 grown in fields have been adjudged to be small tithes, in 

 whatever quantities sown (Smith v. Wyatt, 2 Atk., 364), 

 while corn and hay, in the smallest portions, still continue 

 to be treated as great tithes. The distinction is of ma- 

 terial consequence, as great tithes belong, of right, to the 

 rector of the parish, and small tithes to the vicar. 



No tithes are paid for quarries or mines, because their 

 products are not the increase, but are part of the substance 

 of the earth. Neither are houses, considered separately 

 from the soil, chargeable, as having no annual increase. 

 By the common law of England no tithe is due for things 

 that are/mz? naturec, such as fish, game, &c. ; but there 

 are local customs by which tithe has been paid from such 

 things from time immemorial, and in those places such 

 customary tithes may be exacted. Tame animals kept for 

 pleasure or curiosity are also exempt from tithes. 



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