T I T 



509 



T I T 



the owners of the land and of the tithes was first promoted, 

 and in ease of no such agreement, a compulsory commuta- 

 tion was to be effected by commissioners. Incase of dis- 

 pute, provision was made for the valuation and apportion- 

 ment of tithe in every parish. The rent-charge was to be 

 thus calculated : The comptroller of corn returns is re- 

 quired (o publish in January the average price of an impe- 

 rial bushel of Biitish wheat, barley, and oats, computed 

 from the weekly averages of the corn returns during seven 

 preceding years. Every rent-charge is to be of the value 

 of such number of imperial bushels and decimal parts of 

 an imperial bushel of wheat, barley, and oats, as the same 

 would have purchased at the prices so ascertained and 

 published, in case one-third of such rent-charge had been 

 invested in the purchase of wheat, one-third in barley, and 

 the remainder in oats. For example, suppose the value 

 of the tithe of a parish to have been settled by agreement 

 or by award at 300/., and that the average price of wheat 

 for the seven preceding years had been llis. a bushel, of 

 barley 5s., and of oats 2*. Gd. ; the 300/. would then repre- 

 sent 200 bushels of wheat, 400 bushels of barley, and 800 

 bushels of oats. However much the average prices of 

 corn may fluctuate in future years, a sum equal in value 

 to the same number of bushels of each description of corn, 

 according to such average prices, will be payable to the 

 tithe-owner, and not an unvarying sum of 300/. The 

 quantity of corn is fixed, but the money payment to the 

 tithe-owner varies with the septennial average price of 

 com. Land not exceeding 20 acres may also be given 

 by a parish, on account of any spiritual benefice or dignity, 

 as a commutation for tithes to ecclesiastical persons, but 

 not to lay impiopriators. (6 & 7 Will. IV., c. 71, 

 s. 26-28.) 



By the last Report of the tithe commissioners, it appears 

 that already voluntary proceedings have commenced in 

 9381 tithe districts ; 6348 agreements have been received, 

 of which 5804 have been confirmed ; 2178 notices for 

 making awards have been issued ; 1355 drafts of compul- 

 sory awards have been received, of which 1030 have been 

 confirmed ; 5220 apportionments have been received, of 

 which 4347 have been confirmed. Of the whole business 

 of assigning rent-charges and apportioning them, about 

 half is completed. 



The complete and final commutation of tithes must be 

 regarded a.-* a most valuable measure. It is perfectly fair 

 to all parties, and is calculated to add st/i-uiity and perma- 

 nence to the property of the church, and to remove all 

 grounds of discord and jealousy between the clergy and 

 their parishioners. Nor must we omit to mention an im- 

 provement in the mode of recovering tithes, consequent 

 upon the commutation. There were formerly various 

 modes of recovery, in the ecclesiastical as well as in the 

 civil courts, and before justices of the peace, all more or 

 less leading to unseemly litigation. The present mode of 

 recovering the rent-charge, if in arrear, is by distraining for 

 it in the same manner as a landlord recovers his rent ; and 

 if the rent-charge shall have been forty days in an-car, 

 possession of the land may be given to the owner of the 

 rent-charge until the arrears and costs are satisfied. 

 Indeed the whole principle of the tithe commutation 

 Acts is to strip tithes of the character of a tax, and to 

 ilate them as much as possible to a rent-charge 

 upon the land. 



[AGRICULTURE ; BEXEFICE ; FIRST-FRUITS ; IMPROPRIA- 

 TIONS ; TAX, TAXATION ; TAXATIO ECCLESIASTICA ; TENTHS.] 



TITHING (Tithinga ; from the Saxon, Theothunge) is 

 an antient municipal division of land in England under the 

 Saxon kings. The whole country was divided into tithings 

 and hundreds by Alfred the Great. The former was ;i dis- 

 trict containing ten heads of families ; the latter comprised 

 ten tithings, or one hundred heads of families. Every 

 tithing had its chief man annually appointed to preside 

 over the rest, who was called the tithing-man or borsholder, 

 and sometimes the headborough or borough's elder. Each 

 of these little communities was bound to keep the peace 

 within their own jurisdiction, and the members were re- 

 sponsible for each other. So important were these asso- 

 ciations deemed to be, that no man was allowed to abide in 

 England above forty days without being enrolled in some 

 tithing. Although the institution has long ceased, the name 

 and division are still retained in many parts of England. 



TITI, SANTI DI, an Italian painter and architect, born 

 of a noble family at Borgo San Sepolcro in Tuscany, 1538, 



was a scholar of Bronzino's, and, according to Lanzi, also 

 studied under Cellini. While at Rome he was employed 

 upon some subjects in the chapel of the Palazzo Salviati, 

 and painted a St. Jerome in San Giovanni de' Fiorentini, 

 besides executing several works in the Belvedere of the 

 Vatican. He returned to Florence in 1566, with a reputa- 

 tion for great ability in design ; nor was such reputation at 

 all diminished by the works he there produced, for among 

 them are some of his best, including his Resurrection and 

 Supper at Emmaus, in Santa Croce ; of which, and of his 

 other performances, a full account is given by Borghini, in 

 his ' Reposo.' It was also at Florence that he chiefly exer- 

 cised his profession of architect. The Casa Dardanelli, the 

 Villa Spini at Peretola, and his own house at Florence, are 

 enumerated among his works of that class, but without 

 much commendation ; although he is said to have dis- 

 played great taste in some of his architectural backgrounds 

 in painting, in which he also showed great knowledge of 

 perspective. His pencil was frequently employed on 

 merely temporary decorations, either on occasions of 

 solemn funeral obsequies or splendid festivities, of which 

 latter kind were those which he painted at the celebration 

 of the nuptials of the duke of Bracciano. Santi died in 

 1603, leaving a son named Tiberio, who was also an artist, 

 and who did not long survive him. 



(Biogr. Universelle ; Lanzi ; Milizia ; Vasari.) 



TITIAN. [VicELuo, TIZIANO.] 



TITICA'CA, LAKE. [BOLIVIA, vol. v., p. 86.] 



TITLARKS. Mr. Swainson characterises the Titlarks 

 (genus Anthus) as slender-shaped birds, having the plu- 

 mage and long hinder toes of the true larks, but with the 

 slender bills of the Wagtails; and he places the former 

 next to the East Indian genus Enicurus, which in his view 

 succeeds to the Wagtails (Motacilla. and Budytes). Anthus 

 indeed seems to him to have its position at the very ex- 

 tremity of the DENTIROSTRES, just as the family of the 

 Alaudince, or True Larks, is in the circle of the Coniros- 

 tres ; ' in other words, they are not only analogous, but this 

 analogy actually blends into an affinity.' (Classification 

 of Birds. [LARKS.] In the Synopsis, at the conclusion of 

 the work, Anthus is arranged as the last genus of the Mo- 

 tacillinep, with the following 



Generic Character. Bill very slender, the sides com- 

 pressed, the upper mandible longest, with the tip deflected 

 over the lower, and distinctly notched. Wings moderate ; 

 the four first quills nearly equal : tertials obtuse, length- 

 ened. Tail moderate, slightly forked. Legs slender, black. 

 Tarsus and middle toe equal. Lateral toes and claws of 

 the same length and size. Example, Anthus aquatictts 

 (Fauna Boreal i-Americana, pi. 44). The Prince of (,':i- 

 nino also places the genus Anthus among the Motacillina*, 

 which, in his arrangement, is the sixth subfamily of the 

 Turdidce. 



The True Larks are placed by the Prince, in the saniR 

 highly useful work (Birds of Europe and North Amcru ,- , 

 under the Alaudince, the fourth subfamily of the Frin- 

 gillidce, standing between the Emberizincs and the 

 Loxinee. 



The Alaudince of the Prince comprise the following 



Genera. - Cerlhilauda, Sw. ; Alaitda, Linn.; Galerida, 

 Boie ; Phileremos, Brehm (Eremophilus, Boie) ; and Me- 

 lanocorypha, Boie. Mr. G. R. Gray (List of the Genera 

 of Birds) also makes Anthus one of the genera of his Mo- 

 tacillince, placing it between Ephthianttra, Gould, and 

 Corydalla,* Vigors. The MotacilliiKC, in Mr. Gray's 

 arrangement, form the seventh subfamily of his Lus- 

 cinidce. 



The True Larks (Alaudince') are arranged by him as the 

 sixth subfamily of the Fringillidce, with Ihe following 



Genera. Alauda, Linn. ; Galerida, Boie ; Otocoris, 

 Bonap. ; Melanocorypha , Boie ; Saxilauda, Less. ; Erana, 

 G. R. Gray ; Mirafra, Horsf. ; Calandrella, Kaup ; Frin- 



falauda, Hodgs. ; Megalophonus, G. R. Gray ; macronyx, 

 w. ; and Certhilauda, Sw. 



The Alaudince are placed by this zoologist between the 

 Emberizincc and the Pyrrhulmce. 



But we must now return to the Titlarks, and we quite 

 agree with Mr. Yarrell, who, in his British Birds, observes 

 that it would assist correct definition if, among ourselves, 

 the term Titlark could be discontinued entirely; 'the Tree 



In Ihe Appendix Mr. Gray itatea th;it Ptpastrl, Kaup. and f-t-inumiitirn 

 Kaup, bhnuM come next to Antlmi, aucl that Mr. Swuiawu's jenus 

 should be placed here. 



