LATIN: 



i i, concoura, signifies co-operation. So concurrence in Eng- 



agreement, Imt in Frmirh .... Ity practicing 



.lisona Buoh aa this, you will not only m.-ut with many 

 i-iin.'UH fact*, but be assisted to undorotand the nittun< ( lan- 

 guage iUtilf, aa well aa receive good -mental di^-iplm.-. If it 

 Boems atrange to you that the name lottera curr or curs ahould 

 buar dissimilar nn-aniii;,'-, iv littltt rufluction on tho matter will 

 Boon take away your surprise. Let ua go at once to tint pri- 

 mary meaning of curr. Its primary meaning in to run. Now, 

 iiii-ii may run into, or run out of, or run together, or run about, 

 for ditr.TiMit purposes. For instance, they may run together in 

 harmony, ami tiu-u they coin-ur ; or tliey may run together in 

 rivalry, and then they are in what the French call concurrence, 

 that in, competition. 



I have thus, my fellow-student, opened out before yon an 

 iiiiincii-iii tit'kl. It is only a hint or two that I can give; but if 

 you follow those intimations, you will in time become not only 

 a Latin scholar, but a good linguist. 



In the former part of this lesson I had to employ the word 

 novo, and in so doing I used particularly the form curr. Thia 

 form is called the stem of the word. The atem of a word is 

 that which contains its essential letters, or the letters which are 

 necessary to make it what it is. Thus, curr is found in every 

 form into which the verb curro passes. Observe that the second 

 r is added merely to strengthen the word, or give force in pro- 

 nunciation. You find this stem, cur or curs, for instance, in 

 the English words current, incur, concourse, concurrence, dis- 

 course. Observe again, that many of our Latin words have 

 come to us through tho French. They have, therefore, entered 

 the English in the form which they had received in the French. 

 This is exemplified in concourse and discourse, where an o has 

 been introduced by the French pronunciation, as these words 

 come to us immediately from the French werds concours and 

 diacours. 



The stem of a word is found generally by cutting off the 

 final vowel, or syllable. In curro you obtain the stem curr by 

 taking away the o. The o in reality is the sign of the first 

 person singular, or /. The word for I is not prefixed in Latin, 

 except when it is required for emphasis, because the termina- 

 tions of the verb show clearly what person is meant that is, 

 whether it is the first person, I, or the second person, thou, or 

 the third person, lie. In the English there is a necessity for 

 the constant use of the personal pronoun, because the endings 

 of the verb are not so different from each other as in the Latin. 

 Thus, in English, we say, I run, thou runnesi, he runs, we run, 

 you run, they run. Here, out of sir persons, the verb has the 

 same termination for four namely, I run, we run, you run, they 

 run. But for the pronouns I, we, you, they, the reader or 

 listener would not be aware from the use of the verb which 

 person was intended. In the Latin, however, the verb has a 

 peculiar ending for every person. After this explanation, we 

 will call these terminations person-endings. These person- 

 endings vary with the tense and the voice; that is, tkey are 

 different in the past tense from what they are in the present 

 tense ; and they are different in the passive voice from what 

 they are in the active voice. At present we will confine our- 

 selves to the present tense and the active voice. In curro, the 

 person-endings of the present tense, indicative mood, active 

 voice, are as follow : 



PERSON-ENDINGS. 



Singular. 



1st person -o, 

 2nd -is, 



3rd -it, 



I 



thou 



he 



Plural. 



1st person -imiu, 

 2nd -it is, 



3rd -icnt, 



ye 



they. 



Adding the person-endings to the stem, we have the following 

 example : 



ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. 

 PRESENT TENSE of the verb curro, I run. 



1st peraen curro, I run 1st person currimua, v run 



2nd currus, thou runneat 2nd ourritti, you run 



8rd currit, he runs 3rd currunt, they run. 



These person-endings ?ary also in another way, which I 

 proceed to explain. Latin verba are commonly divided into 

 four classes, which bear the technical name of conjugations. 

 This division may not be the best, but it is that which is cus- 

 tomary, and therefore I retain it. These four classes or conju- , 



(rations art determined or eharacteriaed by the vowel which 

 precede* the termination rt in the infinitive mood ; thtu : 



Th flreft conjugation enda ia am. aa anUre, to I*M. 

 The Mcond conju*tion era. M doofra, to too*. 

 The third coloration ore, M n*, to nU. 

 The fourth conjujfaUon ire. u audlra. to fear. 



We aay then that the firat conjugation ia known by hawing 4 

 long before re of the infinitive ; the aecond by having e long ; 

 the third by having i abort ; the fonrth by having i long. Th 

 same fact may be pat before you in a different way ; thua, 4 

 long ia oharaoteriatio of the firat conjugation; e long, of the 

 second ; e abort, of the third ; i long, of the fourth. In general 

 it may b remarked, that in the firat conjugation i long pre- 

 vails; in the second, e long prevails; in the third, i abort 

 prevails ; and in the fourth, i long prevails. 



Now, curro, of which I have apoken before, is of the third 

 conjugation. The person-endings in it will not therefore be the 

 aame aa they are in the verb amo, I love. The peraon-endings 

 in amo are o, as, at; amut, alia, ant. In the tablea or paradigm* 

 (patterns), which I am about to give, the person-ending* are 

 printed in italics, aa amo, amcu, arna< ; you will therefore eaaily 

 recognise them, and oug.it in all caaea to repeat them until you 

 have imprinted them on your memory. 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



PRESENT INDICATIVE. 



PERSON-ENDINGS. 



Singular. Plural. 



6, I -dmtw, we 



us, thou -cilia, ye 



dt, he -dnt, they 



PASSIVE VOICB;. 

 PBKSEVT INDICATIVE. 



PEkSON-ENDIVGS. 

 Singular. Plural. 



-6r, I -<fmur, we 



-drit, than -4 mint. 70 

 -dtur, he -infur, they 



EXAMPLE. Amare, to love ; atem, am. 



PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE. 



Singular. 



1st per. Am<$, 1 love 

 2nd Amii, thou lovest 

 3rd Amdt, he loves 



Plural. 



1st per. AmiCmiu, tre lore 

 2nd Amdtu, you leve 

 3rd ,, Amdnt. they love 



PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE. 



Singular. 



1st per. Amor, / am loved 

 2nd Amdru, thou art loved 

 3rd Amdtur, ht ia loved 



Plural. 



1st per. Amdmur, vt are loved 

 2nd Amtimint, you are loved 

 3rd Anidntur, Uxy are loved. 



Observe, then, that in order to form any person, yon mnt firat 

 get the stem, by cutting off the last syllable. Then to the atem 

 thus obtained, add the proper person-ending. Suppose you 

 have to deal with the verb laudo, I praise ; and suppose you 

 want to express in Latin the English they praise ; the way to' 

 proceed is throw away the o in laudo ; by BO doing, you get 

 laud ; now, they praise ia in the third person plural ; the person- 

 ending of the third person plural is ant , as shown above ; sub- 

 join ant to laud, and you have laudant, which means they praise. 

 Or if you have to put lamias into English, by looking at the 

 table you find that ita termination namely, as ia the person- 

 ending of the second person singular, and consequently laatdc-. 

 means thou praisest. I have entered into this full and minut 

 explanation once for all. If you take pains to make yourself 

 master of it, yon will not require its repetition. But take care 

 not merely to consult the tablea I give ; yon must commit them 

 to memory, and never pass on until you have made them in 

 each case your own. Having learnt the form or example, learn 

 the vocabulary, and then put the Latin exorcise into English, 

 and the English exercise into Latin. Do this also from memory ; 

 but after you have done it, compare your translation with the 

 table or example, and correct it accordingly. 



Discover and write down the English repreaentatives of the 

 Latin words here used ; that ia to say, tho English words 

 derived from theee Latin words. For instance, from deletto, 

 I delight, we have delight, delightful, delightfully ; from orwo, 

 / adorn, we have ornament, ornamentally, adorn, adornment; 

 from educo (which properly means / vVaic out), we have to 

 educate, educator, education, Do the sane after every separate 

 exercise. 



What I have called "the characteriatio" of the verb, may be 

 called the sign of the conjugations. Thua, of the first conju- 

 gation a long ia the sign, and e ia the sign of the third. Theae 

 are Latin signs. Of the corresponding part of the English 

 verb, to ia the aign ; that ia, the preposition to ia in general the 

 English sign of the infinitive mood 



