OUE HOLIDAY. 



47 





7. It may be romarkod that, instead of adding 1 to the next 

 figure of thu lowc-r miml<r in a cane where a figure U larger 



it, it would be the HUIUD tiling t 

 tubtnu-t 1 fnun tin- iif\t li^uri) of tln< uppi-r inuuber. 



:-ut!i of this will iip|>car from exhibiting the process of 

 subtracting 17.VJ from .')ii;51, as followH : 



:l - 5 x 1000 + 2 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 1 

 4789 - 4 x 1000 + 7 x 100 + 8 X 10 + 9 



Tho diffunmoe of those will bo the same as the difference of 



4 x 1000 + 11 x 100 + 13 x 10 + 11 

 and 4 x 1000 -t- 7 x 100 + 8 x 10 + 9 

 It ia evidently 



4 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 2, or 442. I 



Here we have not added anything to either number, but have 

 only arranged the upper one in a different form. 



process given in the first rule is the most convenient in 

 pm'" 



Tin- learner is recommended to analyse the process he uses in 

 the first fow examples which he attempts. 



8. Tests of Correctness. (1.) Add the remainder to the smaller 

 number; if the result so obtained be equal to the larger number, 

 the work may be presumed to be correct ; for it is evident that 

 the smaller number and the remainder are the two parta into 

 which the larger number is divided. 



(2.) Subtract the remainder from the greater of the two 

 numhor.s ; if the difference is equal to the less number, the 

 working may bo considered to be correct. 



L From 5843 subtract 2731 



2. From 89879 sub. 78654 



3. From 51903670 sub. 504089 



4. From 9876102 sub. 1050671 



5. From 4006723 subtract 5001 



6. From 3601900 sub. 1000000 



7. From 2035024 sub. 27040 



15. From 123456789 subtract 12345678 



16. From 2468759768 subtract 1123344567 



17. From 1000000000 subtract 123456789 



18. From 142357142857 subtract 42857142858 



19. From 6764 + 3764 take 6500 + 2430 



20. From 2890 + 8407 take 4251 + 3042 



21. From 8564 2573 take 4431 1735 



22. From 7561 2846 take 1734 + 2056 



23. From 9687 3401 take 3021 + 1754 



24. What number is that to which 3425 being added, the 

 sum will be 175250 ? 



25. A man having 55000 pounds, paid 7520 pounds for a 

 house, 3260 pounds for furniture, 2375 pounds for a library. 

 How much had he left ? 



26. A man worth 163250 pounds bequeathed 15200 pounds 

 apiece to his two sons, 16500 pounds to his daughter, to his 

 wife as much as to his three children, and the remainder to an 

 hospital. How much did his wife and how much did the 

 hospital receive ? 



27. A man bought three farms : for the first he paid 5260 

 pounds, for the second 3585, and for the third as much as for 

 the first two ; ho afterwards sold them all for 15280 pounds. 

 How much did he gain or lose ? 



28. A jockey gave 150 crowns for a horse, and meeting an 

 acquaintance, changed horses with him, giving 37 crowns to 

 boot; meeting another he changed again, receiving 28 crowns to 

 boot ; he finally changed again, giving 78 crowns to boot, and 

 then sold his last horse for 140 crowns. What did he lose P 



29. Find the difference between every two successive numbers 

 m the squares contained in Ex. 3 on Addition (page 23), taking 

 care always to place the larger number uppermost that is, for 

 the minuend. 



30. Find the difference between a million and a thousand 

 and one. 



31. From 4850902 subtract 98998 ; from the remainder sub- 

 tract the same number ; and from every successive remainder 

 subtract the same number, until a remainder at last bo obtained 

 from which it cannot be subtracted ; and then, tell how many 

 times the subtraction has been performed. 



'>-. What is the difference between a hundred thousand and 

 ten millions one thousand, and a hundred millions ten thousand 

 and one? 



GYMNASTICS. I. THB BAC1 AND THE KINO EXERCISES. 



IT in an old ami undisputed truth, though one which has frequently 

 been lot -i/lit of, that no system of education is complete imleee 

 it provide* for the development and strengthening of the bodily 

 powers M well M the mental faculties. Physical training is, in 

 fact, of M much importance an intellectual culture ; and, for the 

 real welfare of tin- individual, the two should go hand in hand. 

 Kunwmg this, the Oreek nought strength an ardently M ho 

 strove for wisdom, and the Roman ezpreeeed his idea of human 

 perfection in tin* phrase ment tana in corpore ono " a Bound 

 rnind in a sound body." It in our design, in our paper* on 

 Gymnastics, to give the student Borne assistance in the practice 

 of physical training, not only aa a relief and divermon from his 

 studioH, but also aa a meana of acquiring rigour to pursue them 

 with success. For the influence of the condition of the bod/ 

 upon the powers of the mind ia well known, and it will 

 frequently be found that one hour's physical effort in a right 

 direction will do much to assist the scholar in his progreu with 

 his books. 



Gymnastic training ia designed to secure health and strength 

 by the equal development and exercise of the limb* and niimjti 

 of the body. Some exercises are better adapted to thu porpoee 

 than others, the best being thoee which bring the greater 

 number of organs into play simultaneously; and the student 

 should select for himself, or under the advice of an experienced 

 friend, those which are beat suited to hia constitution and 

 degree of physical strength. As in the present paper we ahall 

 describe only some of the simpler forms of gymnastics, we ahall 

 not have occasion now to mention any that may not be prac- 

 tised with advantage by all beginners; but the case may be 

 otherwise with the more advanced exercisea to be mentioned 

 hereafter. 



Ona never-failing principle to be observed in all these 

 pursuits, if real advantage ia sought to be gained by them, 

 is that a violent or undue strain upon any portion of the 

 body should always be avoided. The exercises should partake 

 of the character of natural and graceful movements; they 

 should proceed by easy gradations from the less to the moro 

 difficult ; and when the gymnast ia really fatigued they should 

 cease at once. These principles we cannot too emphatically 

 impress upon our readers. They should remember that moro 

 benefit is derived from moderate exertion than by excessive 

 effort. The modern system of gymnastic training, which hat 

 done and is doing so much to make physical education popular 

 and useful, is one of light gymnastics chiefly. Some of these 

 exercises we proceed now to describe. We commence with that 

 class of exercises which may be practised without implements 

 or training of any kind. For these as well as for the higher 

 gymnastics the best form of dress is a pair of loosely-fitting 

 trousers or knickerbockers, fastened round the loins by a belt, 

 and a flannel shirt. It is an advantage for the trousers as 

 well as the shirt to bo of flannel. 



1. The first thing to be done is to acquire the habit of stand- 

 ing in an erect position. Place the legs close together, tko 

 heels touching, and the toes turned out at right anglee. Hold 

 the head well up, with the eyes looking straight in front ; 

 throw the shoulders back, and the chest well forward. Let the 

 arms hang down the sides, the elbows and the little finger* 

 touching the body, and the palms open to the front. Practise 

 this position until it becomes easy and natural. 



2. Next, from this position, bring the arms gradually forward, 

 without bending the elbows, until they are level with the chest, 

 and the points of the fingers meet Then raise the extended 

 arms above the head as far as you can in the form of a semi- 

 circle, bending the elbows as little as possible in the movement. 

 Reverse these actions, bringing the arms back to the body r. 

 before. 



3. Raise the arms until they are level with the shoulders; 

 then bring them forward until the thumbs meet, and extend 

 them somewhat rapidly back as far as possible, atill without 

 bending the elbows. The constant practice of this simple 

 exercise will do much to expand the chest. 



4. Practise the same movement, making the palms of the 

 hands meet behind the back each time. 



5. Starting from the erect position, bring the arms together 

 with the fingers pointing to the ground ; then, keeping the arms 



