62 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR 



DECLENSION OF SHcfct : MASCULINE AND NEUTER SINGULAR 

 COMPARED WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. 



Masculine. 



$1. (k-cr) ttef-cr, this ; 

 63. (t-cS) ttcf-cS, of tliis ; 

 >. (t-cm) ticf-em, to, for this; 

 2t. (fc-cn) kief-en, this ; 



Neuter. 



(b-o8) bicf-eS, tliis ; 

 (t-eS) kicf-cS, of this ; 

 (t-cm) ticf-em, to, for this; 

 (fc-aS) ktef-c$, tliis. 



DECLENSION OP THE INTERROGATIVE 2Bc'C AND THE PERSONAL 

 PRONOUN Cr AND fS IN THS SINGULAR. 



Masculine, Neuter. 



cr, he ; c?, it ; 



fctner, of him ; fciner, of it ; 



tlitn, to, or for him ? W;m, to, or for it; 

 iljn, him ; t$, it. 



VOCABULARY. 



91. SBcr? who? 



. h)cffcn ? whose ? 



2). Iran ? to, for whom ? 



21. locn ? whom ? 



Slpfet, m. apple. 

 SSur'gcrntciftcr, TO., bur- 

 gomaster, mayor. 

 SHcfcr, ttcfcS, tliis. 

 5ur, for ( 113). 

 artcit, TO. garden. 

 dt, 7i. money. 



clb, n. gold. : attfcr, TO. saddler. 



J&aitS, n. house. j ctyncitcr, TO. tailor. 

 ut'tnad;cr, TO. hatter, j <d;u!)'mad;cr,TO. shoe- 

 .Rupfcr, n. copper. maker. 



Scbcr, ii. leather. ! Ubcr, n. silver. 



papier', n. paper. i S3 on, from, of. 

 3Joc, TO. coat. 



SMcfer Sungfing ifl arm. 



,Rmb ift fcfylafrtoj. 

 tcfc3 3ungltngS -ut ift ncu. 



231abd;citS Sank tft fifjfn. 

 c&en Sic tiefcm Settler link 



Jiinbe db ? 

 tckn ie biefen Srtanfccr ? 



ie fcicfc8 2Jiatd;cn ? 

 SBeffcn Scterntcffcr I;at fcicfco -Tuns ? 



BESUME OF EXAMPLES. 



JDtcfeS 



DicfcS 

 tiefcm 



This youth is poor. This child 



is sleepy. 

 This youth's hat is new. This 



girl's ribbon is beautiful. 

 Do you give this beggar and 



this child money ? 

 Do you love this Irishman ? 



Do you praise this girl ? 

 Whose penknife has this child ? 



The teacher's. 



EXERCISE 7. 



1. 2Ber $at taS papier ticfcS 2W aliens ? 2. SicfcS flinb Ijat e. 

 3. SOBcffcn ucf) Ijat btcfer d;u(cr? 4. Gr Ijat tad 23ud; be3 Scljrcrl 

 5. SSon iDcm Jjakn @ic kicfcSSetcr? 6. 3d; ^a6c e on bent d;u^ 

 mad;cr. 7. giir Jven ift tiefcr 2lpfd ? 8. Gr (Sect. XVIII. 3) ifl fire 

 ta8 flint kc atttcr8. 9. aBcffcn 9M I;at tcr Sol;n ke @d;ncikcr8 ? 

 10. Gr I;at ten Slo& kicfcS grcnntcS. 11. 9Son toem ^at ter Sclm ticfc8 

 .^utmad;er3 ctb ? 12. Gr Ijat etb son bent SJaftt. 13. SBo ift bcr 

 SBagcn be? 23auct8 ? 14. 5>cr Srcunb te8 Sc^rcr8 ^at itnt. 15. SBcffen 

 au8 unb arten Ijat tcr Sclu'cr V 1C. Gr Ijat ka -&aua unb ten arten 

 te8 Surgcrmciftcrt. 17. SSon lcm T;al'cn ie biefen -ut ? 18. 3d; 

 ^aie ion (Sect. XVIII. 3) von tent ^utmac^er. 19. giir men ifl cr V 

 20. Gr tft fur ten oljit tc8 cljncitcrS. 21. J&aten ie rft, tlfccr, 

 oter flupfcr fur ten 8cl;rct ? 22. 3d; I;ak itkr fur i(;n. 23. 2Ben 

 liefct tas flinb ? 24. Gs Ucbt ken JBrutcc tcS 



SECTION VII. 

 CONJUGATION OF THE PRESENT SINGULAR, g C ^ C n AND g C 6 C n . 



3d; ge^c, I go. 

 @ic ge^cn, you go. 

 d'r gef)t, he goes. 



3d; gctc, I give. 



ic gct'cit, you give. 



r gifct (Sect. XIX. 1), he gives. 



Sr fagt t^m md;t8. He says nothing to him. 



23a3 gcfccu Sic tern Gapttain? What do you give the captain? 



liikr (ctt ten .fated; t ? Who praises the servant ? 



Sen tcbt kcr Jined;t ? Whom does the servant praise? 



EXERCISE 8. 



1. SSo ifl kcr SSrukcr kcS tcucrmanna ? 2. (ir tft tet tern Sapitam 

 in tent Scfjtffe. 3. 3ft ter @o(;n kc8 (ikclmann^ aud; bet i!)in? 4. 9lcin, 

 cr ifl in entfd)(anb. 5. 2So tft bcr SSatcr ? 6. Sr tft tci tent dapitain 

 in tern Stfttfyaufc- 7. 2o^t tcrteapttatn ten i^n tc dJkclinannS? 8. 3a, 

 unb cr lobt aud; ken SSatcr. 9. Siefct kcr Gtctmann ten Sapitain? 

 10. 3a, cr licfct unb lo&t U;n fc'f;r. 11. 3ft ktcfer SJiann ber of;n bcl 

 SapttatnS ? 12. STlctn, er ift ber Sot;n ke8 tcucrntann8. 13. 3ft tiefcr 

 5Diatofc rctd;? 14. Stein, cr ift arm unb frofjlid;. 15. SBte a(t ift tiefcr 

 SJiann? 16. Gr ijl nid;t fcf;r alt. 17. 3)1 cr frattf? 18. 9lcin, cr ift 

 I;ungrig. 19. SBaS gifit fciefcS 3Jiakd;cn tent ^intc ? 20. 6'3 ( 134. 2) 

 gibt it;m nur Burfcr. 21. SBaS gcOcn Sic bent Jfncd;te ? 22. 3d; gcfce 

 if;m clb. 23. 2BaS gifct ter Jlncd;t tern 5JJfcrfcc? 24. gr gt6t i^nt ^eu. 

 25. Sictt fcicfcS Jiinb ken Scorer? 2G. 3a, itnb bcr Scfircr loU baS Jltnb. 

 27. 3ft bcr Sagcr ncd; in tent SGBatfcc? 28. 3a, u'nk ter Solin kc8 

 (5kc(maun3 ift bci i^m. 29. Scr Sagcr gef;t nad; bem SBatke ju kern 

 5Batcr, unb id; gc^c ju tent SSvufccr. 



The learner should mark the irregularity in the conjugation 

 of gcicn. 



MECHANICS. II. 



THE UNIT OF FOECE. FOECES APPLIED TO A POINT. 

 HAVING in our first lesson explained the meaning of the word 

 "force," and shown how a force is applied and measured, we shall 

 next consider the simplest kind of mechanical problem, that of 

 several applied to a single point. Before I proceed, however, it 

 is advisable to fix clearly your notions of the " unit of force." 

 I have already laid down the rule, that a force may be measured 

 by the number of feet it would cause the unit ivory ball, equal 

 in weight to a cubic inch of pure water, to move over in one 

 second, when applied to it suddenly by a blow. If the ball 

 move over seven feet, the number 7 should be written for 

 the force ; if over a furlong, the number is 660, the feet in a 

 furlong. But suppose it moves over exactly one foot, then it is 

 clear that the numeral 1 should bo written ; aud that particular 

 force is the "one" of forces. And the conclusion to which 

 we thus are led is that 



THE UNIT OF FORCE is the force which would, if applied 

 instantaneously to the unit of mass, make it move over one foot 

 in one second. 



But you can clearly see that the force which could produce 

 no greater velocity than this in the ball which, instead of being 

 ivory, we may take to be a ball of frozen water, a cubic inch 

 in volume cannot be a very strong force. In fact, it is equal 

 j to a little less than eight grains of weight, that is, this unit of 

 ; force could be balanced by that with which an eight-grain 

 weight pulls downwards. How this is ascertained I cannot 

 here explain to you, as you would require some little knowledge 

 of dynamics to understand the proof. For the present, there- 

 fore, you must take my statement on credit. 



But this unit is evidently too small for practical purposes. 

 The strains in the mechanical powers, the lever, tke wheel and 

 axle, the pulley, etc., and in roofs and bridges, cannot be 

 calculated in grains, on account of the large numbers wo should 

 have to operate on. A larger unit is therefore necessary, and 

 the pound weight exactly answers the purpose. We can cal- 

 culate and measure forces in pounds ; or, if the figures in 

 that case be too large, we can calculate them in hundred- 

 weights, or even in tons. All that is necessary is to keep clearly 

 in mind what your unit is in your calculation, and to know how 

 to pass from one unit to another. If, in the same calculation, 

 j you were to use different unit? in different places -a pound for 

 instance, in one, and a hundred-weight in another without 

 reducing the one to the other, the result could bo nothing but 

 confusion and error. 



But how are you to pass from one unit to another ? This is a 

 nice point in practice, as we shall see in due time; but this much 

 is clear, that, if your unit ba a hundred-weight, you should 

 multiply all the numbers which represent your foic s by 112 

 (the number of pounds in a hundred- weight), and then these 

 forces will bo expressed in pounds. If they are already ex- 

 pressed in pounds, then divide by 112, and you will have them 

 in hundreds and fractions of a hundred-weight. And so, from 

 l-v,-eJjjhts you can pass to tons by dividing by 20, and 



