

i to Bach particular* 



M ma.\ w to my < 



rcumi ' nol olanMli 



, 



arrange under separate heads all the 

 Mguugo. Now a good clos^ 



It H cihaiuhiv - under 



;id all the factH. It i 



i. r its own head, without oo l.-ir facto 



i.-r ono hood facts which may as properly 

 ad. 

 !i iiuiliT rcvio\v i* neither exhaustive nor dis- 



r it leaves out i 

 ..Inch has as good a right to be called a part of RJ. 



I: ianol dist&crtive, for the tera adjedtw makes 



makes a distinction whore no distinction is required. Indeed, 

 ^sifu-ation id wholly unscientific, being based not on a 

 principle, but on vague and general views. Something less 

 objectionable may be offered in the following word-?. 



rids to the realities which it represents. Those 

 realities are thoughts and things. Now, thoughts and thing* 



:<'od to three classes: 1, Objects; 12. 

 . 3, ad ion*. Consequently, the essential parts of speech 

 are the noun, the .- -id the verb. But objects and their 



qualities are the same things differently viewed. Wo may there- 

 fore strike out </ ! 'I;u- \vc have two classes left 

 namely, the now an 1 th verb. Vcrte, Innvever. are the names 

 of action, as nouns are the names of being. Hence hi 



'f into names. Wo may, then, declare that speech 

 is mudo ini ..imes may bo expanded and 



/ being, or noun. ; '2, n, ,'.- of P.- 



verbs; and 3, natti . Under 



head, or name 1 -! of qualities, may stand other parts of 

 for th" .i.'i-.vfr nan: '''>/ of the action of the r 



the article names the extent in which the noun is to !>. 

 The tt-r appropriat ->plied to ad- 



verbs and c0i< 



to be parts (particles that is, little iwtt) or ,,(_ once 



g nouns and verbs. If, however, onr analysis of 1 ingiiagu 



into nanit's of bei,i correct, then the 



sentence which, as given above, contains all the nine parts of 



h, may be reduced to two ; as, 



SUBJECT. 



Alfred 



Name of being. 



PREDICATE. 

 Name of action. 



and thus we are brought back to the very form with which we 

 commenced our former lesson on " Simple Propositions." 

 Clearly, as compared with these two parts, the other words in 



ntence are incidental, and of small moment. 

 It may bo desirable to give another germ or two expanded 

 into the full forms. 



SUBJECT. 



Nelson 

 Jlrave Nelsou 

 Brave Nelson 

 Brave Nelson 

 Bravo Nelson 

 Brave Nelsou, defying danger, 



fought OBJECT. 



f ought N 



fought the e>i. 

 often fought the enemy, 

 often fought the cruel enemy, 

 often fought the cruel enemy. 



Brave Nelson, defying danger and death, often fought the cniel enemy. 



W ( 2 ) (3) W (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 



Brave Nelson, defying danger and death, often fought the enemy of his 

 country. 



eetive. 2. Noun. 3. Participle. 4. Conjunction. 5. Adverb. 

 C-. Verb. 7. Article. 8. Preposition. 9. Pronoun. 



Other explanatory words or phrases might be added. Thus, to 

 the subject might be appended the words .Win// /,-.>;,> ;: 



Drive Nelson, sailing from England, and defying danger, fought. 



mi;*ht qualify fowrjht by the adverb fvfrfasfnlhi. Yon 



. 



also make the sentence compound by inserting after 

 '. the words, and conquered ; thus : 



Bravo N'oUon fought anJ co*^ur4 liw cuna/. Ur. 



run 



(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (fl) (7) (8)() 



Ami lo ! Stanley rising quickly caused groat wrath lu tUo . 

 1. Co> rjeetion. 3. Noun. 4. Participle, ft. A I- 



verb. fl. Verb. 7. Adjc-ctiv*. It. Propwntion. . Article. 



In the lattt example, one part of speech U omitted to exorcise tho 



mind of tin: Hi.iid.-nt, who if also expected to effect the reduction 



to the name of being and tho name-of action. 



Let tho reader carefully study and analyse the following 



sentences 



1. ProjKwition* without an obpct. 

 Birda sing. Cowi graze. BabbiU barrow. Dog* flgbt. Children play. 



>potitioiu vith an object. 



Tho sun lights the earth. The trees produce fruit. The rain waters 

 the meadows. Storms purify the air. Tbe universe proclaims its Autbo. . 

 Qualifying words may be added at will, as 



3. Proportion* wtlh a subject and object qualiJUd. 



. My young brother teased tho little animals. Avaricious tradesmen, 

 overcharge all their goods. A diligent scholar learns all his lessons. 



I subjoin some fragment* to be made into complete sen- 

 tences : 



1. Proposition* lacking subject*. 



leads a blind man. aids his sick mother. neglect their 

 duty. avoids bad company. promises a rich harvest. cost 

 much money. 



2. Proportion* lacking object*. 



Disobedient children deserve The proud despise Thick clouds 

 cover A bad child grieves An honeat debtor pays Wise men 

 rebuke 



3. Propositions lacking reibt. 



The eldest sister the younger ones. The father his incorrigible 

 son. Noisy boys the neighbourhood. The police public order. 

 A grateful daughter tender mother. The divine Saviour our 

 human infirmities. 



It may here be necessary, by anticipation, to inform the totally 



uneducated atodent that, when the ngnlar it has t at 



hont s. The verb must be in the 



number when the noun or pronoun connected with it 

 denotes only one person or tbraff ; nd tho verb must be in the 



j umber when the noun or pronoan connected with it 

 denotes more than one person or thin%' ; e.g. 



SINGTTLAR : A boy lovci : the honae xtand* ; the duck swim*. 

 PLURAL: Boys lore; houses stand; docks swim. 



The rule might be pnt in another form, as, when the noun haa an 

 s (or is in tho plural) tho verb is without ; and when the rerb 

 has an s tho noun is without. 



LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. III. 



NOTIONS OP THE GREEKS AND EOMANS. 



THE desire for nautical expeditions, which, under the excite- 

 ment of commercial enterprise, had begun to spread among the 

 nations, was restrained by the conquests of the Romans. These 

 conquests, however, if they did not extend the boundaries of the 

 known world, at least enriched the domain of geographical 

 knowledge with new facts, and more exact than those which 

 had been collected and taken for granted by the writers of 

 former ages. The three Punic (Carthaginian) wars, tho Elyrian 

 war, the contests with tho Gauls, the expeditions agaicrt Spain, 

 and those of JEtius Gallus into Arabia and Ethiopia, all con- 

 tributed, in their turn, to give to this science a more j 

 character and more varied details. Polybius, about 150 yean 

 before tho ago of Hipparehus, gave a description of the world 

 wliie'.i, notwithstanding his numerous errors, evinced remarkable 

 progress in tho knowledge of the globe. Tho new acqni 

 of the Romans, and of Mithridates Enpator, the campaigns of 

 Julius Orasar in Gaul and in Britain, rendered accessible tho 

 knowledge of countries hitherto but partially explored, or alto- 

 gether unknown. Posidonius, a Syrian, resident at Rhodes, 

 endeavoured to correct the measurement of tho earth's circum- 

 ference formerly made by Erat He observed that when 

 the star Canopns, in tho constellation Argo, became visible in 

 the horizon of Rhodes, it was elevated seven degrees and a half 

 above the horizon of Alexandria. Ho supposed these nlaoes to 



