90 



THE POPULAR EUUCATOE. 



Don Alonso de Baqan, the Spanish admiral, bore down on 

 the Revenge, and becalmed her sails, so that she was not 

 manageable. The San Philipe, a huge three-decker, and a 

 number of other large ships came down like vultures on the 

 prey, and the battle began. A dreadful fire was kept up from 

 the Revenge, which blazed away, right and left, with cross- 

 bar shot and grape, compelling the San Philipe to drop out 

 of the fight, and causing enormous destruction to the other 

 ships. On the side of the Spaniards the fight was well sus- 

 tained, though they were to some extent embarrassed by their 

 numbers ; many of their guns, also, being mounted high, could 

 not be depressed, and fired harmlessly over the heads of the 

 English. 



The battle of fifty-three to one began at three o'clock in the 

 afternoon. Towards evening, a " double flie boat, of 600 tons, 

 and admiral of the flie boats," with another vessel, went down, 

 so cut up were they by the fire of the Revenge. That good 

 ship was dreadfully riddled. At eleven o'clock at night, Sir 

 Eichard Grenville, being wounded a second time, was obliged 

 to go below, and while his wound was being dressed, he received 

 another severe hurt in the head, and the surgeon was killed 

 beside him. Forty men out of 103 all he had on board were 

 killed, the rest were almost all wounded ; the ship's masts had 

 been shot away, the rigging was gone ; the hull was pierced 

 through and through ; powder was running short : but Sir 

 Eichard's cry was still, " No surrender ! " and when after two 

 hours more of the dreadful work had passed it was proposed to 

 make terms, the admiral advised his men to tijust to God's 

 mercy rather than to the Spaniards, and to blow up the 

 magazine. The master, however, went on board the Spaniard 

 about daybreak, and surrendered j Sir Eichard being too ill 

 to prevent him. 



On board the San Paulo, the dying man had every atten- 

 tion paid to him; his wounds were dressed, and the Spanish 

 officers came to condole with and to admire him. Feeling the 

 end to be near, he said in Spanish, that all might understand : 

 " Here die I, Eichard Grenville, with a joyful and quiet mind, for 

 that I have ended my life as a true soldier ought to do, fighting 

 for his country, Queen, religion, and honour, leaving behind the 

 lasting fame of having behaved as every valiant soldier is in 

 his duty bound to do." He died, and the Revenge, the first 

 English ship that had fallen into Spanish hands, refused to 

 survive him. In a storm which arose shortly after the action, 

 she sank, with 200 Spaniards on board, " so that it may be said 

 the Revenge made good her name, and forced the Spaniards 

 to pay dear for their victory." 



SYNOPSIS OF THE LIFE AND EEIQN OF ELIZABETH. 



Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII. by his second 



queen, Anne Boleyn. She was the twenty-third Sovereign of 



England after the Norman Conquest, and the fifth and last of 



the Tudor Dynasty. 



Born at Greenwich, Sept. 7 1533 



Began to reign . . Nov. 17 1558 



Protestant religion re-estab- 

 lished 1559 



Colonization of Ulster, Ire- 

 land, by the English . . 1568 



Mary Queen of Scots takes 

 refuge in England . . . 1568 



Elizabeth excommunicated 

 by Pope Piua V. . . 1570 



Massacre of St. Bartholomew 



(France). . . . Aug. 23 1572 

 Trial of Mary for treason at 



Fotberingay Castle . . 1586 

 Execution of Mary. Feb. 8 1587 

 Destruction of the "Invin- 

 cible Armada " . . . . 1588 

 Cadiz burnt by the English . 1597 

 Tyrone's rebellion in Ireland 1598 

 Died at Richmond . Mar. 24 1603 



SOVEREIGNS CONTEMPORARY WITH ELIZABETH. 



Denmark, Kings of. 



Christian III. . 1534 

 Frederick II. . 1559 

 Christian IV. . 1588 



France, Kings of. 

 Henry II. . 1547 



Francis II. 

 Charles IX. 

 Henry III. 

 Henry IV. 



1559 

 1560 

 1574 

 1589 



Gfermani/, Emperors of. 



Ferdinand I. . . 1558 

 Maximilian II. . 156-4 

 Bodolphll. . . 1576 



Poland, Kings of. 

 Sigismund II. (af- 

 terwards King of 

 Sweden . . . 1548 

 Henry de Valois 

 (afterwards King 

 of France . . . 1573 

 Stephen Bathori 1575 

 Interregnum from 1586 

 Sigismund III. . 1587 



Portugal, Kings of. 

 Sebastian . . . 1557 

 Henry .... 1578 

 Anthony . . . 1580 

 [The Portuguese do- 

 minions in Ewrofxt and 



America were seized by 

 Philip II. of Spain in 

 1580, and remained an- 

 nexed to that Country 

 until 1640.] 



Rome, Popes of. 



Panl IV. 

 Pius IV. 

 Piua V. 

 Gregory XIII 

 Sixtus V. . 

 Urban VII 

 Gregory XIV 

 Innocent IX. 

 Clement VIII. 



. 1555 



. 1559 



. 1566 



. 1572 



. 1585 



. 1590 



. 1590 



. 1591 



. 1592 



Russia, Czars of. 

 Ivan IV. . . . 1533 

 [This monarch wished 

 to marry Queen Eliza- 

 beth.] 



Feodor I. ... 1584 

 Boris Godonof . 1598 



Scotland, Kings of. 

 Mary Queen of 



Scots .... 1542 

 James VI. . 1567 



Spain, Kingt of. 



Philip II. . 

 Philip III. 



1556 



Sweden, Kings of. 



Gustavus Vasa . 1523 



Eric XIV. . . 1560 



John III. . . . 1568 



Sigismund . . 1592 



Turke-y, Sultana of. 



Solymnn II. . . 1520 



Selim II. .. . 1563 



Amurath III. . 1574 



Mahomet III. . 1596 



United Provinces 



of the Nelui-i'lands, 



Stallholders of. 

 "William the Si- 

 lent .... 1579 

 Maurice . . 1587 



LESSONS IN MUSIC. II. 



IT is important that the learner should become thoroughly and 

 practically familiar with the structure of that musical " scale of 

 all nations and of all time" which was partially described in the 

 last lesson. The following account, by General T. Perronet 

 Thompson, who is no less distinguished for his philosophical 

 and learned disquisitions on the science of music than for the 

 other great services which, by pen and speech, ho has rendered 

 to his countrymen the following account by him, of the first 

 attempts of philosophy to measure this scale, will interest the 

 student : 



" The dispute upon this point (the application of science to 

 music), is at least as old as the contest between Aristoxenus 

 and the Pythagoreans, which dates as early as 300 years before 

 the Christian era. * * * The opposition of Aristoxenus 

 was, in reality, nothing but a good ear declaring itself against 

 a faulty division. The musical mathematicians of antiquity 

 took as many as three successive steps into the truth, but their 

 next was a marvellous blunder. * * * 



" The histories of all nations refer to very early periods the 

 discovery that certain successions or combinations of sounds 

 have the effect upon the ear which is implied by music ; and it 

 may be assumed that in all countries a considerable degree of 

 practical acquaintance has been acquired with the sounds before 

 any person has thought of investigating the cause. The story 

 of Pythagoras listening to blacksmiths' hammers, and dis- 

 covering that the different sounds had some relation to the 

 weights, has been sufficient to secure to that philosopher the 

 renown of being the first who sought for the explanation of 

 musical relations in the properties of matter. The account 

 given by Nicomachus is, that Pythagoras 'heard some iron 

 hammers striking on an anvil, and giving out sounds that made 

 most harmonious combinations with one another, all except one 

 pair,' which led him to inquire what were the peculiarities of the 

 hammers which produced those different effects. Whether this 

 is an exact account or not, some observation of this kind 

 appears to have speedily led to the discovery, that of strings of 

 the same thickness and composition, and stretched by the same 

 weight, those gave tJie same musical sound (or were what is called 

 in unison) which were of equal lengths ; that if of two strings in 

 unison, as above, one was shortened by a half, it produced a 

 sound which, though very far from being in unison with the 

 sound of the other, might be heard contemporaneously with it, 

 with a strong sensation of satisfaction and consciousness of 

 agreement, and that the two sounds in fact bore that particular 

 relation to each other by which two voices, of very different 

 kinds, like those of a man and a child, can sing the same tune 

 or air as really as if they sang in unison, being what musicians 

 have since distinguished by the title of octaves ; that if, instead 

 of a half, the string were shortened by a third part, there was 

 produced a note which, heard either in combination with or 

 succession to the first, created one of those marked effects which 

 all who had attained to any degree of musical execution by the 

 guidance of the ear had treasured up as one of the most efficient 

 weapons in the armoury of sweet sounds, being what modern 

 musicians name the fifth ; and that if, instead of a third part, 

 it was shortened by a fourth, there was produced another note 

 ery distinct from the last, but which, like it, was immediately 

 recognisable as one of the relations which experimental musicians 

 lad agreed in placing among their sources of delight, being the 

 same which in modern times is called the fourth. 



" So far, Pythagoras and his followers appear to have run 



well. Instead, however, of pursuing the clue of which they 



Iready had hold, and examining the effects of shortening the 



original string by a fifth part and by a sixth, they strayed into 



