138 



THE POPULAB EDUCATOR 



horizontal line, or line of sight, H L ; upon it mark the position 

 of g, being the point nearest the eye, and most easily determined, 

 and h i k to the right, and v p 1 ; then from g again to the 

 left mark m n o, etc., and lastly, v p 2. Where there are 

 more lines crossing the H L, it is advisable to mark them in 

 also in their order. The subject we have before us is a very 

 simple one, but it is enough to explain the process of copying it. 

 Mark a from </, and b from 9, and draw the line a g b. From a draw 

 the retiring lines a c and b d to v p 1, also a e and b f to V P 2 ; 

 through o draw e f, and through k draw c d. Asm n, the width 

 of the door, is already arranged, it will be easy to draw it ; the 

 top of the door retiring to V P 2, as well as the top of the window 

 on the left of it. The ridge of the roof is over the centre of the 

 building, it is over the centre of the line a c in the object, but not in 

 the drawing ; as the line a c retires (the pupil will have observed 

 that as objects retire they occupy less room on the paper ; that 

 he may understand this, let him turn back, and examine the 

 examples we have given in parallel perspective), s is the centre 

 of a c in perspective. If we wish to find the centre of a 

 square (Fig. 40), or rectangle (Fig. 41), draw the diagonals a b 

 and c d ; e will be the centre ; so in perspective, as shown in 

 Figs. 42 and 43. This has been done in Fig. 38, giving t as the 

 perspective of the centre of the end of the house. Draw the 

 perpendicular t p, join p a and p c, draw p r to v p 2, produce 

 ap to v P 3 (seo Fig. 33, page 105), and c v towards the same 

 point ; this will complete the roof. In the remainder we trust 

 the pupil will find no difficulty. Fig. 44 represents two views 

 of the same kind of subject ; one when it is above the eye 

 (H L), and the other when it is below the eye. The pupil has 

 probably remarked before this, when considering the position of 

 the line of sight, or horizontal line (H D, that the eye looks up 

 to or underneath all objects, or the parts of an object placed 

 above this line, and looks down upon these objects when placed 

 telow this line. This figure will be its own interpreter : as the 

 method of drawing it has been already given, the dotted lines 

 will be a sufficient guide in its execution. 



LESSONS IN ENGLISH. V. 



SAXON ELEMENT OP THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



HAVING shown how the constituents of the English language 

 enter into and form simple propositions, I might now speak of 

 sentences in relation to the laws of their constitution, and 

 exhibit the manner in which simple sentences may be expanded 

 into compound sentences, and how compound sentences may 

 be reduced to simple ones. But there is much, very 

 much, to be learnt respecting the subject-matter already set 

 forth. For instance, every separate part of speech has to be 

 more minutely investigated. Besides, there are general facts 

 which more or less bear on all the constituent elements of 

 speech. These facts must be set forth, and this investigation 

 must be gone through, before wo treat of the formation of com- 

 pound sentences, because in proceeding in this way I shall con- 

 duct the learner onward by easier steps. 



Before, then, we formally set about building the house, it may 

 be desirable to consider the materials which we shall have t.o 

 employ, in order that we may become familiar with their qualities 

 and character. Let us then take what is commonly called " The 

 Lord's Prayer," and look a little closely into the words of which 

 it is made up. 



Our Father which art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy king- 

 dom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is m heaven. Give us 

 this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our 

 debtors. And lead us not into temptation ; but deliver us from evil 

 For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever 

 Amen. Matt. vi. 913. 



Now at the first glance I see that here there are words o 

 diverse origin. Heaven I recognise as of Saxon birth ; Fathei 

 I know to be a Latin word slightly altered ; and a.men is a 

 Hebrew term in English letters. Hence, I am led to see that i 

 I would know my mother-tongue I must study it in relation ti 

 the diverse materials which enter into its composition. 



You are not yet sufficiently advanced to assign each word ;r 

 the preceding quotation to the family to which it belongs in th 

 great community of languages. I must, therefore, be satisfid 

 at present with a somewhat rough division of these words int 

 the threes classes already indicated namely, words of Saxoi 



rigin, words of Latin origin, and words derived from oilier 

 01 :ces. In all, there are in the Lord's Prayer sixty-six words. 

 )f these sixty-six only eight are from sources that arc not Saxon. 

 More than seven-eighths of the words in the Lord's Prayer come 

 rom the Saxon. You may now judge to what extent the Saxon 

 Tevails in the English tongue. Of the eight words that are not 

 saxon, six a.-?, from the Latin, one from the French, and one from 

 he Hebrev.', aj seen in this view : 



latin. Name, debts, debtors, tempt'tion, deliver, glory. 

 French. Power. 

 Helrew. Amen. 



The one French word might be added to the Lo.tin line, for 

 leliver, though it comes into the English directly from the 

 'rench, is Latin by extraction. 



This analysis, however, shows that the materials of the English 

 anguage may be arranged into two great classes ; namely, the 

 Saxon and the Latin. These classes have reference to the origin 

 of the words. 



Another view may direct our attention to the condition in 

 which the words are. Some of the words are very short, others 

 are somewhat long. Our has only three letters ; kingdom has 

 seven ; and temptation has ten letters. Our is a word of one 

 syllable ; kingdom is a word of two syllables ; and temptation is 

 a word of three syllables. Observing that all the words aro 

 saxon, except the eight specified above, you will see that tho 

 Saxon words for the most part are short words, and words of one 

 syllable. Of words, however, having more than one syllable, 

 ;wo kinds must be noticed. Take, as an instance, father and 

 tingdom. Now fatlier, though consisting of two syllables, is a 

 simple word ; while kingdom is a compound word. Hence arises 

 another division. Words, whether of Saxon or of Latin origin, 

 aro either 1, simple; or 2, compound. 



Simple. Compound. 



Saxon Earth. Forgive. 



Latin Name. Deliver. 



The two compound words here presented, from the Lord's 

 Prayer, may bo resolved into their elements thus : forgive is made 

 up of for and give, in German vergeben; deliver comes originally 

 from de, down from, and liber, free. Now observe, I do not put 

 down the import of the component parts of forgive, for they are 

 known. Words of Saxon origin are known to every Englishman. 

 But I do assign their signification to the terms which combine 

 to make up deliver, since those terms awaken no corresponding 

 state of mind in tho mere English student ; and consequently 

 their equivalents in terms of Saxon origin must be given. In 

 the progress of these lessons you will be led to study the con- 

 stituent elements of all our compound words. Here I wish to 

 dwell on the fact, that the vocabulary of the English language 

 consists generally of words derived 1, from the Saxon; 2, from 

 the Latin. 



In order to possess a full and exact acquaintance with the 

 Saxon treasure of our language, you must study that language 

 historically ; you must study it in its literature : and yo*u must 

 study the Anglo-Saxon in its productions, artel in the laws of its 

 structure. Apart from so prolonged a labour, you may here 

 learn something on the subject, and at any rate acquire infor- 

 mation which, in general, will enable you to distinguish and 

 recognise words which come from a Saxon source. I lay before 

 you some results of the investigations made by the learned on 

 this subject. 



The English language consists of about 38,000 word.?. Of 

 these, about 28,000, or nearly five-eighths, are of Anglo-Saxon 

 origin. The majority of the rest are Latin and Greek; of which 

 the former has the larger share. If we look not merely to the 

 number of words, but to their kind, as well as to tho sha.re that 

 Anglo-Saxon- has had in the formation of our language, vre shall 

 see how important is this element of the English tongue. 



1. English grammar is almost exclusively occupied with what 

 is of Anglo-Saxon origin. Our chief peculiarities of structure 

 and of idiom are essentially Anglo-Saxon, while almost all the 

 classes of words which it is the office of grammar to investigate, 

 are derived from that language. What few inflections we havo 

 are all Anglo-Saxon. The English genitive, the general modes 

 of forming the plural of nouns, and the terminations by which 

 we express the comparative and superlative of adjectives, er and 

 est ; the inflections of the pronouns ; of the second and third 

 persons, present and imperfect of the verbs ; of the preterites 

 and participles of the verbs, whether regular or irregular; and. 



