142 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOK. 



vince of Arromaia, the very spot where Raleigh placed his " El 

 Dorado," not far from the town of Puerto, on the Orinoco, is a 

 colony of 10,000 Germans, who are chiefly employed in digging 

 gold, and who send large quantities yearly to Para, on the coast, 

 for exportation to Europe. 



The fifteenth century having closed with the two greatest 

 geographical events of modern times, the discovery of the New 

 World, and the circumnavigation of the African continent, the 

 sixteenth century beheld the extension and success of European 

 enterprise in distant seas. The Pacific Ocean, which Magellan 

 had opened up to the fleets of Christendom, was navigated and 

 explored by daring mariners. Soarez discovered the Maldive 

 Islands; another Portuguese, the Moluccas or Spice Islands; 

 Villalobos, a group now supposed to make part of the Philippine 

 Islands ; Juan Fernandez, the small island that bears his name, 

 and celebrated as the foundation of the history of " Robinson 

 Crusoe." To the latter, also, has been ascribed the discovery of 

 New Zealand. In 1567 Alvaro de Mendana first landed on the 

 Solomon Isles, the isle of Santa Cruz, and others. Nearly thirty 

 years later the same navigator discovered the Marquesas Islands, 

 and the archipelago which was afterwards called by Carteret 

 Queen Charlotte's Islands. Francis Drake ; the Dutchman 

 Van Noort ; Quiros, who discovered Tahiti, and the Archipelago 

 of the New Hebrides (the Great Cyclades of Bougainville) ; 

 Torres, who discovered New Guinea, and the strait which 

 separates this large island from Australia all began to 

 clear up the navigation of the Pacific Ocean. In the interval, 

 Sebald de Weert, fellow-navigator with Van Noort, had recog- 

 nised the Malouines, or Falkland Islands, discovered by John 

 Davis. Two of his countrymen, Lemaire and Schoutcn, dis- 

 covered, in 1615, part of the island of Tierra del Fuego, and 

 Cape Horn, which forms the southern extremity of the Ameri- 

 can continent. A new passage was thenceforward open to 

 navigators bound for the Pacific Ocean, who were desirous of 

 avoiding the difficulties and storms which were to be dreaded in 

 the Strait of Magellan. The honour of having first landed on 

 New Holland, now called Australia, is generally attributed to 

 Dirk Hartog, who attached to the part of this continent, which 

 he had discovered, the name of the vessel he commanded, by 

 calling it Endracht's Land. Zeachen, in 1618 ; Edels, in 1619 ; 

 De Nuyts, in 1627 ; and after these De Witt, Carpenter, and 

 Pelsart completed this grand discovery. 



It is not positively known whether the Spanish and the 

 Portuguese had not visited the coasts of Australia nearly a 

 century before the Dutch, as two chartographical documents 

 of that date would lead us to believe. Neither is it more cer- 

 tain that the Portuguese Menezes and the Spaniard Saavedra 

 had discovered New Guinea, the one in 1527, and the other in 

 the following year. The memorable voyage of Abel Tasman 

 produced rapid and striking progress in the geography of 

 Oceania, or Australasia and Polynesia. This able navigator, 

 sailing from Batavia in 1642, discovered Van Diemen's Land, 

 now called, after its discoverer, Tasmania. The circumnaviga- 

 tion of Australia was then completed, and the assurance was 

 gained that this continent did not extend indefinitely towards 

 the south pole. Shortly after, the expedition landed on New 

 Zealand ; then it discovered the Friendly Islands, and that of 

 Tongataboo. Lastly, after a successful expedition of nine 

 months, at the end of which it visited New Guinea, and dis- 

 covered several islands to the north of it and of the island 

 of New Britain, the Dutch refitted their vessels in the port of 

 Batavia, the capital of Java. It was only in 1665 that the 

 name of Nova Hollandia, or New Holland, was given to the, 

 western part of Australia by a decree of the States-General of 

 the parent country. 



LESSONS IN LATIN. Y. 



NOUNS CONCORD OF SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE CASES 

 OF NOUNS CASE-ENDINGS. 



BY the statements and explanations given in our last lesson, you 

 are taught that in both nouns and adjectives, case, number, and 

 gender are in Latin indicated by divers terminations. It is an 

 easy inference that if a change is made to turn a singular noun 

 into a plural form, a corresponding change must be made in the 

 adjective which accompanies it ; that is to say, if the noun is 

 plural, the adjective must be plural ; if the noun is singular, the 

 adjective must be singular : thus, bonus puer becomes in the 



plural boni pueri. In the ordinary phraseology of Latin gram- 

 mars, this correspondence in form between the noun and the 

 adjective is called concord. Here you are to consider the first 

 concord to require that the noun and adjective should agree in 

 number, that is, both must in form be either singular or 

 plural, and not one singular while the other is plural. A second 

 concord requires the noun and the adjective to be in the same 

 gender, so that if you have to say good bridegroom, you use the 

 words, bonus sponsus, but if you wish to speak of a good bride, 

 you change the us into a, and say bona sponsa. A third concord, 

 is found in agreement in case between the adjective and noun, 

 so that if the noun is in the nominative case, the adjective must 

 be in the nominative case ; if the noun is in the objective or 

 accusative case, in the same case must the adjective be. Putting 

 these three instances of concord or agreement together, w& 

 say that 



Adjectives must agree with their substantives in GENDER, NUM- 

 BER, and CASE. 



This general statement we call a rule ; and all such general, 

 statements or rules you should commit to memory. Case, you 

 see, is denoted by a change at the end of a noun or adjective. 

 In our English nouns we have something of a similar nature. 

 In the words, father's book, father's is in what is called the 

 possessive case. The condition of the noun is called the pos- 

 sessive case, because possession is thereby signified. But why 

 is it called case ? Case is a Latin term, signifying fall. And as 

 the different terminations are gone down successively, as you 

 will shortly learn by experience gone down or declined one after 

 the other, on the part of the boys who learnt grammar in the 

 schools so were those terminations called cases, or successive 

 falls, that is, falls of the voice. The cases then in Latin are the 

 changes which the noun undergoes conformably to variations in 

 the meaning. Thus, as in English father becomes fathers 

 when used with book, as father's book, so in Latin, pater (father) 

 becomes patris, when used in dependence on liber, book. Notice- 

 that I say, " when used in dependence ; " for the possessive (or 

 genitive) case denotes connection or dependence. In fatlier's 

 book, the form father's is necessitated by the dependence of 

 the word on book. Such dependence is denoted in the diction 

 of Latin grammars by the word government : thus, we should 

 say that pains was governed in the genitive case by the word 

 liber. Here again arises a general statement or rule ; namely, 

 that- 

 One noun governs another in the genitive case. 

 This rule simply means that of two nouns which are con- 

 nected with each other by a relation of dependence, the noun 

 which is dependent on the other noun must be put in the 

 genitive (or possessive) case. 



In Latin there are six cases : 1, the nominative ; 2, the 

 genitive ; 3, the dative ; 4, the accusative ; 5, the vocative ; 6, 

 the ablative. These six cases are different forms of the noun, 

 whereby are indicated differences of meaning. The nominative 

 corresponds to the subject, and the accusative corresponds to the 

 object, of a proposition. You may find the nominative by asking 

 the question who ? or what ? You may find the accusative by 

 asking the question whom ? or what ? You may ascertain the 

 genitive by asking the question whose ? You may ascertain the 

 dative by asking the question for whom ? or for what ? You 

 may ascertain the ablative by asking the question by whom ? or 

 by what? The vocative is preceded by the interjection 0: as 

 father! and is employed in addresses or invocations. In 

 strictness of speech the nominative can hardly be termed a case, 

 because as the nouns are commonly given in dictionaries, it 

 seems to have no fall or case. The nominative, however, is a 

 case, for it is not the primitive state of the noun. The primi- 

 tive state of the noun, as the primitive state of the verb, is 

 found in the stem. Thus, the stem or form on which the cases 

 of -pater are formed is patr : by inserting e, the stem patr be- 

 comes pater, the nominative case. 



Requesting you to call these, changes in the terminations of 

 nouns and adjectives case-endings, I add that these cote-endings 

 are to be termed the Latin signs of the cases. For these Latin 

 signs there are corresponding English signs; the English signs 

 give (in part) the meaning of the Latin signs. Thus, of is the 

 English sign and meaning of the Latin genitive i ; to or for is 

 the English sign and meaning of the Latin dative o; by, with, 

 or from, is the English sign and meaning of the ablative o. 

 Now as in Latin the o of the dative is not in, form distinguished 



