

U3 



from t! 



O TOWH leas by practice, and cv . 

 . c-aoh instance .. 

 cow is the cane intended by the 



objective, or 



,.(, u ru in our nouns the same in form, 



HI only by tho nensc which of tho two is meant. With 



v. bocanso the sense is deter- 



.irlish, i general, tho Hubject 



preced -''rb. Inasmuch, however, as 



in lirix'li-h undergoes no change in becoming the 



and in;i-mi;.-h on no preposition goes before either sub- 



t, BO have wo no natural English sign for tho Latin 



r tho Latin , and consequently are forced 



lie former by the word fnl-ji-cf, and tho latter by tho 



i sign of the vocative in O; 



responding Latin sign ia in some nouns e, in others the 



i tlu! vocative is tho same as the form in tho nominative. 



Kiven these explanations, I place under your eye at 



iijs of a noun in Latin, with tho corresponding 



English signs : 



LATIN ENGLISH LATIN KSCI.ISII 



CASK-ENDINGS. SIGNS. CASE-ENDINGS. SIGNS. 



Catts. PluraZ. 



Nominative ut (subject) i (subject) 



Geuitive i of orum of 



Dative o to or for is to or /or 



Accusative urn (object) . os (object) 



Vocative e O t O 



Ablative o by, tcitJt, or from is by, with, or from. 



You thus see that in Latin tho case-endings of the singular 

 are different from the case-endings of the plural. You also seo 

 that the English signs are tho same in both singular and plural. 

 For tho sako of comparison, we commonly uso a contraction 

 for the names of the cases ; thus, N. or Nom. for nominative, 

 G. or Gen. for genitive, and so on with the rest. The case- 

 t which I have just set before you are not the case- 

 endings of all the Latin nouns. I havo given these because 

 they are tho most distinct. Others, however, must not be 

 omitted. I will exhibit them to you first in succession, and 

 then the whole combined in one view. In order to do so, I 

 must set before you what are called the declensions. The 

 declensions, or methods in wliich the falls of tJie cases take place, 

 are five in number. To express the same thing differently, in 

 order to assist you in understanding what I mean, I add that all 

 tho Latin nouns have by grammarians been arranged into five 

 classes. In this classification regard has been had to tho termi- 

 nation of the genitive case singular. Thus, in tho first declen- 

 sion tho genitive case of the singular number ends in ce 

 diphthong, pronounced like our ee ; in the second declension the 

 ends in i ; in the third, in is; in the fourth, in us : in 

 'i, in i'i, pronounced e-i. Those endings are termed tho 

 signs of the declensions, and may be thus presented : 



Declensions 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 



Si..'!:s ac t is <U ei 



Tho sign of iho fourth declension has a circumflex accent (A) 

 over it, in order to distinguish it from other cases, namely, 

 tho nominative us, and the accusative us. In the same way, 

 over the ablative case of tho first declension, we put a circum- 

 flex accent thus, 4, as in/emind by, urith, or from a female 

 in order to distinguish tho ablative case or form from the 

 nominative femina, a female. You may hero bo informed 

 that adjectives are for the most part declined that is, form 

 their eases in tho same manner as the nouns which correspond 

 with them in form ; for instance, bonus, ending in us, is 

 declined like dominus, which also ends in us ; and bona, ending 

 in o, is declined like femina, which also ends in a. 



A preliminary remark must be made respecting the article. 

 The Latin language is ivithout an article. Neither the definite 

 article the, nor the indefinite article an, ia found in Latin. 

 Consequently, we cannot from the form tell whether femina 

 should be translated female, a female, or the female. In this 

 particular there is, in construing or translating from the Latin, 

 no other guide than tho sense as it may be gathered from 

 the general import of tho sentence or tho narrative : and you 

 will also now bo aware that/cmak, a female, and the female, are 

 equally to be put into .Latin by femina. 



nil; H ol.l DA 



GYMNASTICS.- III. 



JUHI'INO AND LEAPING. 



THESE exercises, in their various forms, constitute an important 

 feature in gymnastic pursuits ; and, simple M they may appear 

 to many, real: for tho attainment of 



a tolerable degree of proficiency, without injury to the physical 

 powers. There is a mctlmd in tho way of doing all things, by 

 which comparative ease and safety may be secured, and it will 

 bo our object to explain what is tho best method in this case for 

 the practice of tho lear 



1. Before tho attempt is made to accomplish any/eat*, it will 

 bo necessary to go through certain preparatory exercises, which 

 will accustom yon to tho proper movements, and give the 

 required degree of elasticity to the limbs. Begin all jumping 

 exercises by the upward jump from the ground, which is to be 

 performed in tho following manner :' Stand in an erect 

 position, with the arms hanging downward; bend the knee* 

 forward and rise slightly upon the toes ; then spring upward to 

 a moderate height, and alight upon the balls of the feet not 

 upon tho heels, for this will give a concussion to the joints ; 

 also bend the knees slightly on coming down, which will help to 

 break tho force of the shock. In practising all jumping exer- 

 cises the learner should remember these fundamental prin- 

 ciples. 



In the foregoing exercise the arms may either be kept straight 

 to the body, or with tho hands resting on the hips, or, thirdly, 

 thrown forward and upward when the jump is taken. The 

 learner will do well to practise each of these ways in torn ; the 

 last will be useful in giving additional impetus when the height 

 or distance of the jump is an object. 



2. Make the same jump, but, in the descent, face to the 

 right ; the next time, face to the left ; and the next, turn the 

 body completely round when in the act of jumping, so as to 

 come to the ground with the face turned in the opposite direc- 

 tion to that in which it had been before making the jump. 



3. In taking the jump, stretch the legs out sideways on rising- 

 from tho ground, and extend the arms high above the head. 



4. Another useful jump to practise is that shown in our first 

 illustration (Fig. 9). Bring the feet back to their original 

 position while In the air, and extend the arms at the same 

 time. It will require some dexterity to enable the learner to 

 cross and to uncross the legs before descending, so as to bring 

 the feet back to the ground with the heels touching, but this 

 will come in due time with regular practice. 



Other jumps of a similar nature to the foregoing may be 

 practised. To exhaust the list of such variations would require 

 a special paper, but these will suggest others. 



We have touched at present only on jumping movements, 

 designed to practise the muscles, which will be employed in 

 exercises of a higher order. We pass on now to these, which 

 may more properly be called leaping. 



THE HIGH LEAP. 



This should be practised with the aid of a leaping-stand (see 

 Fig. 10). It consists of two poles, about six or seven feet high, and 

 perforated with holes from one to two inches apart ; these holes 

 commencing about a foot and a half from the bottom, and con- 

 tinuing upward to the top, or near it. The poles are fixed in the 

 ground at from six to eight feet from each other. Two movable 

 pegs are inserted into the holes at the desired height for the 

 leap, and across those pegs a rope is then stretched, the rope 

 being kept in position by the weight of a small sand-bag at each 

 end ; or a stick may be used instead of the rope to rest upon 

 tho pegs, but the rope is preferable for tho beginner. While 

 it fixes the height as well as any solid object would do so, it 

 gives way at once to the slightest touch of the feet in passing 

 over, and thus saves the leaper from a heavy fall, should he fail 

 to clear the object. A piece of coloured cloth may be placed, 

 over the centre of the rope, more particularly to mark the spot 

 over which the leap is to be made, as well as to show, by its 

 displacement or otherwise, whether the object has been grazed 

 in the passage over it. 



Now, with this apparatus before yon, commence leaping over 

 a height which you can accomplish with ease ; and then 

 gradually raise the pegs and the rope from hole to hole, as you 

 increase in power and dexterity. 



