150 



THE POPULAE ELUCATOE. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. IX. 



SECTION XVII. PERSONAL PRONOUNS; VERBS OF THE 



NEW CONJUGATION, ETC. 



IN English the relation of property or possession is denoted by 

 means of personal pronouns in the possessive case, Awhile in 

 German the same relation is shown by means of a distinct class 

 of words (Sect. X.), called possessive pronouns ; and these are 

 used not merely in the corresponding case (i.e., the genitive), 

 but in all the cases. The German personal pronoun, therefore, 

 ia rarely used in the genitive like eur personal pronoun in the 

 possessive. 



DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 



Singular. 



Masculine. Feminine. Neuler. 



VI. 3d), I ; 5>u, thou ; . tc, you. 



. fflictncr, of me ; 3>ctncr, of thee ; 3l>rcr, of you. 

 $). 2)Hr,to,orfor me; 5>ir, to, or for thee; 3lmcn, to, or for you. 



a. 2)Md;, me; 5>\fy, thee; it, you. 

 Plural. 



91. 2Cir, we ; 



3l;r, you; 



ic, you ( 57. 6). 



f>. Unfcr, of us ; 6'iicr, of you ; 3l;rer, of you. 



3D. Una, to, or for us; (Sud;, to, or for you ; 3J)ncn, to, or for you. 



21. Un8, us; Slid;, you; ic, you. 



Singular. 



31. (5r, he; fie, she; tS, it. 



. cincr, of lu'm, il;rer, of her ; feiner, of it. 



3D. 3f)ni,to,orforhim; tl)v, to, or for her ; ifint, to, or for it. 



51. Sfyn, him ; fie, her; c$, it. 



Plural. 



SI. ie, they; fte, they ; ftc, they. 



. 3l;rer, of them; ifjrcv, of them; ifjvcv, of them. 



3). Sfyncn, to, for ityncn, to, for them ; il;ncn, to, for them. 



them ; 



^l. tc, them ; fte, them ; ftc, them. 



1. The personal pronouns (in the 1st and 2nd persons) are 

 Often used reflexively ; and are to be rendered by our com- 

 pounds, myself, thyself, ourselves, yourselves, as : 3d; lobe mid;, 

 I praise myself. 2Du lobft 3Md;, thou praisest thyself. SBir lobcn 

 un ; we praise ourselves. 3l;r lobt ltd;, etc. 



2. The reflexive form of the personal pronouns in the third 

 person singular and plural is fid; (Latin, se), and answers to 

 our objective himself, herself, itself, themselves ; its gender 

 and number being determined by the subject of the verb, as : 

 <5r evlcnibt fid;, he allows (to) himself. ie crlaubt fid;, she 

 allows (to) herself. S)cr Jlnabc lobt fid;, the boy praises him- 

 self. i e allc lobcn ft cf), they all praise themselves, etc. (See 

 60. 4.) 



3. A personal pronoun of one gender is frequently translated 

 by one of another, as : 3Dcr Sifd; ift gut, cibcr e r ift nicfyt groji, the 

 table is good, but it is not large. S\iS 2)i\itd;cn ifi fd;on, abcr e6 

 tft nid;t flctjiig, the girl is beautiful, but s], is not industrious. 

 3Dtefe Scber fcJjrcibt nicfjt gut, fie ift ji: tedd;, this pen does not write 

 well, it is too soft (limber). 



OBS. This respects merely the translation. If, for instance, 

 we were to translate the last German sentence according to the 

 German idiom, the English for it would be, " This pen does not 

 write well, she is too soft." Now such a rendering wonld be 

 contrary to the English idiom, and therefore on translating 

 German into English, we try to come as near the English idiom 

 as possible ; although it ought to bo remembered that the dif- 

 ference of gender, as referring to the same noun, does never take 

 place in German. 



DECLENSION OF 91 i c m a n b (with examples of each case). 



SI. Sticmanb, nobody ( 59. 3). Sfaemanb tft l)ier, nobody is here. 

 (8. SftiemautS, of nobody. SfiemanbS ^>ut ift Oicr, nobody's 



hat is here. 

 2>. 9itcmanben, to nobody. S ift Sftemanben nit^lid;, it is 



profitable to nobody. 

 STcicmcmb, or ) , , 



3d; felje Slicmant ; I see nobody. 



4. Verbs of the New Conjugation (See 79. 1, 2) form the 

 Imperfect by adding to the root the suffix t c, for the first and for 

 \io thii-d person singular; the corresponding parts in tlie plural 



being made by the addition of the letter n. The second person 

 singular is formed by adding to the root the letters t c ft ; the 

 plural of the same person taking t c t. 



The root i.-J found by removing the letters c n from the form 

 of the present infinitive : thus, from lobcn (to praise), take en, 

 and you get I o b, which is the root. 



The Present Participle is made by adding to the root the 

 syllable e n b ; as, lob-cnb, praising. 



The Perfect Participle is produced by prefixing to the root the 

 augment ge ( G9. 2, 4), and suffixing the letter t (sometimes et}: 

 thus, ge-lob-t, praised. 



The Perfect tense is formed by combining the'perfect participle 

 with the present indicative of the auxiliary I)<i6en or fein, to 

 HAVE or to BE : as, id; Ijabe gclobt, I have praised. 



The Pluperfect is formed by combining the perfect participle 

 with the imperfect of tyaben or fern : as, id; t;attc gclobt, I had 

 praised. 



The First Future is formed by adding to the present of the 

 infinitive, the present indicative of the auxiliary hjcrben, to 

 BECOME : as, id; n>erbe (cbcn, I shall praise. 



The Second Future is formed by adding to the perfect of the 

 infinitive, the present indicative of the auxiliary n> e v b e n : as, id; 

 hicrbe gelobt fyabcn, I shall have praised. 



CONJUGATION OF. THE REGULAR VERB 1 b C n IN THE 

 INDICATIVE. 



Infinitive. Participles. 



PRES. Soben, to praise. PRES. Sobenb, praising. 



PERF. clobt Iwbcn, to have praised. PERF. elobt, praised. 



Singular. 

 3d; lobe, I praise. 

 3Du tct'ft, thou praisest. 

 v (cbt, he praises. 



PRESENT TENSE. 



Plural. 



SB if Icben, we praise. 

 3I;r U'bet, you praise, 

 ic (obcn, they praise. 



IMPERFECT TENSE. 



3d; lob-tc, I praised. SBir lob-ten, we praised. 



<Tu fob-toft, thou praisedst. 3I)r lob-tct, you praised. 



Ch- lob-tc, ho praised. @ic lob-ten, they praised. 



PERFECT TENSE. 



3d; I)abc nclobt, I havo praised. 2Bir liabcn gdobt, we have praised. 

 u l;aft fjdobt, i'hou hast praised. 3f;r I;abct gclobt, you have praised. 

 &v I;at gclobt, ho has praised. Sic Iiabcn gclobt, they have praised. 



PLUPERFECT TENSE. 



3d) Imttc gclobt, I had praised. 2Bir fatten gclobt, we had praised. 



:t Imttcft gclobt, thon hadst 3l;v InUtct gclobt, you had praised. 



praised. 



Sr fiatte gclobt, he had praised. ic fatten gclobt, they had praised. 



FIRST FUTURE TENSE. 



3d; wcrtc lobcn, I shall praise. 2Btr wcrtcn lobcn, we shall praise. 

 <u njivft lobcn, thou v,-ilt praise. 3l;r uicrtet Ul'cu, you will praise. 

 &r >vtvb lobcn, he will praise. .ic werten lolicn, they will praise. 



SECOND FUTURE TENSE: 



3d; ttcrtc gclobt ^aben, I shall 2Bir tocrten gclobt ^abcn, we shall 



have praised. have praised. 



u hnvft gclobt ^abcn, thou wilt 3l)r tocrtct gclobt f;aicn, you will 



have praised. have praised. 



(gv iuirt gclott ^a6cn, he will have te ft'crtcn gclobt tyatcn, they will 



praised. have praised. 



IMPERATIVE. 



Sobc ru, praise thou. Sokt (or lobt) iljr, praise you. 



Souc cr, let him praise. Sobcn fie, let them praise. 



The preceding paragraph must be well understood and tl-o 

 verb thoroughly mastered, before proceeding any further. The 

 pupil will derive much benefit from working out other verbs 

 after tho above model. The vocabularies will furnish sufficient 

 examples. 



5. In compound tenses, the participle or infinitive is put at 

 the end of the sentence, whether affirmative or interrogative, 

 as: 3d;, fyptte ten 33rief gclobt, I had praised the letter ; atte icb 

 ten 33ricf gclobt ? had I praised the letter ? SBen hjcrtcn tc loben ?. 

 whom will you praise ? SBerben tc il;n gclcbt |aben ? will you have 

 praised him ? 



6. In English we have three forms for the present tense ; he 

 praises, he docs praise, he is praising. The German ha,H for all 



