154 



THE POPULAK EDTJCATOK. 



cor, cordis, the heart. A cordate leaf is broad at the base, where 

 it is attached to the petiole, and pointed at tho extremity. 

 When a loaf i.- narrow or pointed at tho base and broad at the 

 end, or shaped something- like the figure presented by the 

 section of a pear, it is called obcordate. 



Confluent Leaves (Fig. 32). Leaves which are joined together, 

 or which surround the stem in such a way that it appears to 

 pass through the centre of them ; from the Latin con, together, 

 and./iiw), to flow. Leaves of this kind are more often called 

 perfoliate. 



Lanceolate Leaf (Fig. 33). A leaf formed like the head of a 

 lance, oblong, narrow, and' tapering from the broadest part in 

 the centre towards the base and extremity. 



Orbicular Leaf (Fig. 34). A leaf circular in outline, from the 

 Latin orncidus, the diminufire of orbis, a globe or sphere. 

 Leaves of this kind resemble peltate leaves in shape, but differ 

 from them in being cleft as far as the point of junction with 

 the petiole. A good example may be found in the leaf of the 

 common mallow. 



Dentate Leaf (Fig. 35). When the edge of a leaf is 

 notched or indenv.-d 'i, i-; said to bo dentate, from the 

 Latin dens, a tooth. When the margin of the leaf is un- 

 broken, ad ia tho leaf of tho myrtle, or nasturtium, it is 

 said to bo entire. 



Deltoid .pea/ (Fig. 36). A leaf with a broad base and 

 triangular in form, so called from its resemblance to the Greek 

 letter A, oi capital D, called delta. 



^ecommfite Leaf (Fig. 37). A leaf divided into a great 

 number of leaflets, as in the illustration, in which leaflets are 

 attached on either side to the branches which issue from the 

 petiole. It should be noted that the meaning of this term is 

 very different to decomposition, which means a state of decay 

 or dissolution, the word decomposite being derived from the 

 Latin compono, to put together, with de prefixed to increase the 

 force of its signification, and indicating a composition of things 

 already compounded, the leaflets of the compound leaf being 

 also themselves compound. 



Reniform Ltfo (Fig. 38). A leaf shaped like a kidney, and 

 so called froin the Latin ren, a kidney. 



Pinnatifid .J,eaf (Fig. 39). A leaf indented along the 

 margin with doop irregular notches extending about half way 

 into the mid-rib, as in the leaf of the dandelion, or sow- 

 thistle ; so called from the Latin penna, a feather, and findo, 

 to split. 



Palmate Leaf (Fig. 40) A leaf consisting of five leaflets 

 attached to a common petiole, so called from its resemblance to 

 the extended fingers of the hand, from the Latin palma, a hand. 

 Leaves of this kind are sometimes termed quinaie. 



Digitate Leaf (Fig. 41). A leaf consisting of several leaflets, 

 or lobes proceeding from the same point of a common leaf- 

 stalk, so called from the Latin digitus, a finger, the lobes being 

 extended like tho fingers of a hand. An example may be 

 found in the leaf of the horse-chestnut. Scarcely differs from 

 the last. 



Capillary Leaf (Fig. 42). A leaf branching out in all direc- 

 tions in narrow hair-like divisions, so called from the Latin 

 capillus, hair. Examples of this kind of leaf are found in some 

 of the tribe of umbelliferae. 



Spiny Leaf (Fig. 43). A leaf with spines or sharp points 

 projecting at intervals round the margin, like the leaf of the 

 holly, so called from the Latin spina, a thorn. 



Sessile Leaves (Fig. 44). When leaves are attached to the 

 stem of a plant without any petiole or leaf-stalk, they are 

 termed sessile, from sessuin, a part of the Latin verb sedeo, to 

 sit, because the leaves are closely attached to the stem as if 

 sitting on it. 



Giliate Leaf (Fig. 45). When a leaf is bordered or edged 

 with short hair-like appendages it is termed ciliate, from the 

 Latin cilia, eyelashes. 



Serrate^Leaf (Fig. 46). When the margin of a leaf is toothed 

 sharply, liko a saw, the teeth projecting forward, as in the rose- 

 leaf, it is termed serrate, from the Latin serra, a saw. 



Oval Leaf (Fig. 47). A leaf longer than it is broad, but 

 equally rounded at the base and extremity, so called from the 

 Latin ovum, an egg. Oval leaves'- which are broader at the base, 

 where the loaf is attached to the petiole, than at the extremity 

 are called ovate ; but leaves which are narrower at the base 

 tban-afr tho extremity ,re 



Pinnate Leaf (another variety). (Fig. 48). Consisting of 

 pairs of leaflets ranged along a common petiole opposite to 

 each other, and attached to the common petiole by leaf-stalks ; 

 so called from the Latin penna, a wing, tho attachment of 

 each pair being like the wings of a bird, or the small feathers 

 that branch out on either side of the mid-rib of a complete 

 feather. 



Bipinnate Leaf (Fig. 49). A leaf consisting of pairs of 

 pinnate leaves arranged along a common petiole opposite to each 

 other ; the leaf, in other words, being pinnately branched, and 

 each branch pinnate with leaflets. Leaves are tri-pinnate, or 

 three times pinnate, when the mib-rib is pinnately branched, 

 the branches again pinnately branched, and these last furnished 

 with leaflets pinnately arranged. 



Distichous Leaves (Fig. 50). Leaves springirg from alter- 

 nate points in two rows, one on the right of the stein, and the 

 other on the left, from the Greek SHTTIXOS (pronounced dis'- 

 tick-os). a couplet. 



Acute Leaves (Fig. 51). Narrow leaves terminating in a sharp 

 point, from the Latin acutus, sharp. 



The above list includes the principal terms applied to leaves. 

 Sometimes, however, to describe a leaf correctly, it is necessary 

 to apply two or three of these terms ; as, for example, when a 

 leaf is long, narrow, and pointed at either end, fringed with 

 hair-like appendages, and notched with small regular inden- 

 tations along tho margin projecting forwards, it is described as 

 lanceolate ciliate serrate. 



READING AND ELOCUTION. V. 



PUNCTUATION (continued). 

 VII. THE PARENTHESIS, CROTCHETS, AND BRACKETS. 



[] 



41. A PARENTHESIS is a sentence, or part of a sentence, enclosed 

 between Iwo curved lines, thus ( ). 



42. The curved lines in which the parenthesis is enclosed are 

 called Crotchets. 



43. The parenthesis, with the crotchets which enclose it, is 

 generally inserted between the words of another sentence, and 

 may be omitted without injuring the sense. 



44. The parenthesis should generally be read in a quicker 

 and lower tone of voice than the other parta of the sentence in 

 which it stands. 



45. Sometimes a sentence is enclosed in marks like the&e [ ], 

 which are called Brackets. 



46. Sentences which are included within crotchets or brackets, 

 should generally be read in a quicker and lower tone of voice. 



47. Although the crotchet and the bracket aro sometimes 

 indiscriminately used, the following difference in their use 

 may be noticed : Crotchets are used to enclose a sentence, 

 or part of a sentence, which is inserted between the parts of 

 another sentence ; brackets are generally used to separate two 

 subjects, or to enclose an explanation, note, or observation, 

 standing by itself. When a parenthesis occurs within another 

 parenthesis, brackets enclose the former, and crotchets enclose 

 the latter. 



Examples. 



I asked my eldest son (a boy who never was guilty of a falsehood) 

 to give me a correct account of the matter. 



The master told me that the lesson (which was a very difficult one) 

 was recited correctly by every pupil in the class. 



When they were both turned of forty (an age in which, according to 

 Mr. Cowley, there is no dallying with life), they determined to retire, 

 and pass the remainder of their days in the country. 



Notwithstanding all this care of Cicero, history informs us that 

 Marcus proved a mere blockhead ; and that Nature (who, it seems, 

 was even with the son for her prodigality to the father) rendered him 

 incapable of improving, by all the rules of eloquence, the precepts of 

 philosophy, his own endeavours, and the most refined conversation in 

 Athens. 



Natural historians observe (for whilst I am in the country J must 

 fetch my allusions from thence) that only 'the male birds have voices ; 

 that their songs begin a little before breeding time, and end a little 

 after. 



Dr. Clark has observed that Homer is more perspicuous than any 

 Other author , but if he is so (whieh yet may be questioned), the per- 

 spicuity arises from his subject, and not from the language itself in 

 which he writes. 



