

1 III., howi >-r can* 



Knplatul. i/.>'j. . .1 /.,<// ti.,- . , ,i .*:... \' ; |1, m- w.-ri- 

 out m:i>t<-tv. inti-l'-r* with-nt -. : i ' ; h HI r. 



:i ortlance w r 'l'!'l. v ""'1 



iiii-rcjiM-il \\hil.- 

 lii tli-- nl been 



nl l!:;- IimnlitT 









.1. 



;<> made 



nld jiot 



ly i.if i-nip 1 ,' 

 i 

 >1 at tho JM 



.-I li:nl >i\ .-liilJij!T> ainl 

 a farm Imiiiil', thirteen shilliiiLT-i and for. i a shepherd, 



. llinjrrt a year, and clothiiiL;-; and no man was to (init 

 his work without leave, under pain of being put in the stocks. 

 ulo about the year 1370, ordered that saddlers, 

 skinners, and tanners should be "rliasti-d for charging ex- 



'Rms we find that among tho principal causes of tho rising of 

 the labouring classes in 1382, were the practice of villeinage, 

 which was not yet -Atiii'-t, the unfair and oppressive regulations 

 about v dearness of living, and the demands, barba- 



rously frequently brutally enforced, for taxes out of 



the people, i jiing. 



As 1 ud, the people got little at the moment by 



their i nl termination of which 



left them with th- (irmly riveted on 



their neck*. A fresh :mdm- .'tutc of Labourers 



was passed, -and the poor people in country places suffered on 

 for many y< 



In 1i v better off 1 letter able to defend 



themselves and the interests of 1 <nld not there 



be advanced without a corresponding advantage to the men. 



f Henry VII. (1485- loO'j) and Henry VIII. 



1517), ^iiich aimed at iixing the price of skilled labour, 



proved to be abortive, and things remained on the old basis 



iieii a law was passed, which remained unrcpealed 



13, though it must have become inoperative in many 



before that dace. This wa-s, perhaps, one of the most 

 exuupi; . . r put on the statute roLL Justices of 



~.ii tho country, and the mayor, sheriffs, or other 

 authorities iu towns, were to meet every year after Easter, and 

 taking into consideration tho price of living, and of house rent. 

 the (1 nKui'1 ami supply for labour, were to fix the wages of all 

 workmen and labourers for the ensuing year. Any one giving 

 more than these wages was to be fined five pounds, and put in 

 prison for ten days ; any one taking more was to be imprisoned 

 for throe weeks. No workman or labourer was to leave his 

 work without a paesport sealed with the town seal, and approved 

 by two householders. If he did BO ho was liable to scouiyinir. 

 exposure in the stocks, and imprisonment. The hours of labour 



,e(l, for weekly or daily labourers, at from five a.m. till 



u seven and eight p.m., between the middle of March 

 and the middle of September, two hours and a hn.1f being allowed 

 for meals and refreshment. 



Such was the state of things till 1813, except that there were 

 besides some very objectionable laws, punishing with great 



y all workmen who combined to raise the price of th'-ir 

 labour, and to make an open market. B wore. lu>\\- 



;tled in I v. liicji <Vde the workman ] 



as free as the merchant to bay and si 11 lii* labour in ;' 

 market, ami oven to a great extent to make tin- n-nrki t. Id U 

 now, politic-ally speaking, the equal of any of his I'd low country - 



;id as far removed in every respect from his prototype as 

 ho existed in tho days of King Richard 11. as tho freeman is 

 frxn. the alAve. 



Wut T.< 

 by tho "L 



.:lo ht owu hJiod* . 12&> 



' lin- 



1381 (oik and 



Afterward* 



lends at EttTn- 

 Junc ; . ISC'.' 



i de|Kl Sept. i i:*u 



Battle i.jvy Huritoved in I'onUilmct or 



,Chase) .... Au K . 



SOVEREIGNS CONTEMPORARY v. 



VII. 



. 1S7H 



w, la. . , :: ;x . . n-j 



. ueoict XIII. 



;) . . 1JM 







Kri.- III. . . 



Mo * j-g^ 



Denmark: . . 



; o/. 

 Louis . . . 1370 



w 

 Olaus V. . . . I376J Cnarl 



' 

 way .... 1397 



r>iw. 



John Palselogus . 1354 

 Manuel Palffilogus 1391 



> Vance, Kings of. 

 Charles V. . . 136I 

 Charles VI. . 1380 



Lndislos V. 





, K\i\'j9 V). 

 Henry II. . . . 136II 



John I. 



. I- 



Portugal, Kngt of. i Heury III. . . lW 

 Ferdinand I. . n, Kings of. 



John I. . . . I.:; Alter* of Meek- 



Icnbur . . . 1363 

 Greg. . 

 Urbuu VI. . . 



*#* It will be noticed that anti-popo " is added to 



the names of two of tho Popes of Romo above. Tho anti-pope 

 was a pope chosen by tho will of Rome king', or tho intrigues of 

 a party hostile to the reigning pope, who. had been elected by 

 the College of Cardinals. Urban VI., for instance, had been 

 chosen by the cardinals to please the people of Rome, who 

 wished for an Italian pope, who would r ide in tho : 

 City, and not at Avignon or pope* 



who preceded him had done. On i. 

 Spanish cardinals retired to Proven*-. 



to occupy the papal chair. This . e title 



of Cleieut VII. , and a soon known 



Christendom was riven asiui 

 of a house divided ago: 



Savoy declaring for Clement VII.. v, > /land, 



and other parts of Europe acknowk<. 

 visible head of the Church. As a matter of 

 for tho enjoyment and mana. of the 



" Vicar of Christ," as the bi.-hups .' L'om 

 themselves, utterly ignored tin- "new commandment" of tho 

 meek and gentle Master whom they professed to follow. They 

 solemnly cursed each other by bell, book, an-1 

 declared his opponent, and thnse who 

 municated. Those who gv<- the matt r th 

 tion soon began to see that the dogma o.' of the 



popes must be a mistake, and the quar-. : 

 for the chair of St. Poter, in l ; 

 popes, kindled the spiirk that Mnunhi 



century, and then suddenly broke forth into tlic glorious blarc 

 of the Reformation. 



LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC. X. 



FEACTJn 



1. WHEN a number or thintr is divide! into two eonel part*, 

 each of 



; into three 



divided into four i >d one 



Jawrtlk, or 01 and so ir 'ber or 



.nber of equal yr 

 tiurir name from f 



