190 



THE POPULAB EDUCATOB. 



common bottle cork and scoop out its substance on one side, 

 as represented at b, Fig. .26, preserving carefully the roundness 

 of the two circular faces at its ends. Put this cylinder on the 

 incline, with the scooped part facing 1 down the slope, and you 

 will find that it will also run upwards, as did the ball. The 

 reason of this you will easily discover, but be careful, in making 

 the experiment, that the incline be not great. The following 

 are other common instances which you can try, as 



EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 



1. A man walking up a hill stoops forward ; why ? And why, also, 

 when coming 1 down, does he lean backward ? 



2. A person rising from a chair leans his body forwards, and draws 

 his feet close to the chair; why? 



3. Carrying a bucket of water, he leans to the side opposite. 



4. "Why does a corpulent person generally hold his head up and 

 throw his shoulders backward ? 



5. A horse and rider are more apt to fall coming down a hill than 

 on the level road; why? 



6. An omnibus, or coach, is safer for travelling when it is well filled 

 inside, than when outside. 



ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS IN LESSON IV. 



Polygon of Forces. 



1. The resultant is a little over 13 Ibs., and makes an angle of nearly 

 45a degrees with the force o A. 



2. The force which supports the roller on the slope is 56 Ibs., and 

 the pressure 97 Ibs. nearly. 



3. The strain on tho three-foot cord is 48 Ibs., and on the four- 

 foot cord 36 Ibs. 



4. The point of meeting of the three cords is below the pulleys, at 

 the distance of six feet from the top of that over which the 4 Ib. weight 

 hangs, and of 8 feet from the top of the other pulley. 



Parallel Forces. 



1. The required parallel centre in this case is on the line joining 1 

 any vertex of the triangle with the middle point of the side opposite, 

 at a distance of two-thirds of that line from the vertex, or one-third 

 from the side. 



2. The required centre is distant one-third of 'the length of the 

 beam from the end at which the three-pound force acts. 



3. The required centre is 8 inches distant from the end of the rod 

 at which the three-and-a-half pound weight acts. 



4. The strain on the upper hinge is 20 Ibs. 3 oz. nearly, and on the 

 lower 39 Ibs. 13 oz. In doing this question the student must first 

 find the centre of parallel forces for the 23 Ibs. and 37 Ibs. This point 

 will be found by cutting the 7 feet of height of door into 60 parts (the 

 sum of 23 and 37), and counting off 23 of these from the bottom. Tho 

 resultant then acts at the end of the 23rd subdivision. But as the 

 hinges bear the drag of this force, it is divided between them in the 

 inverse proportion of their distances from this point. Divide then the 

 60 Ibs. into two parts, which have this proportion, and the above 

 strains will be found. It is better to do this question by arithmetically 

 calculating the position of the point and magnitudes of strains. The 

 strain caused by the weight of the door is not here taken into con- 

 sideration. 



BEADING AND ELOCUTION. VI. 



PUNCTUATION (continued). 

 ix. THE DASH (continued). 



56. THE dash sometimes precedes something unexpected; as 

 when a sentenco beginning seriously ends humorously. 



Examples. 



Good people all, with ono accord, lament for Madam Blaize : who 

 never wanted a good word from those who spoke her praise. 



The needy seldom passed her door, and always found her kind; she 

 freely lent to all the poor who left a pledge behind. 



She strove the neighbourhood to please, with manner wondrous 

 miming; and never followed wicked ways except when she was 

 sinning. 



At church, in silks and satin new, with hoop of monstrous size ; 

 she never slumbered in her pew but when she shut her eyes. 



Her love was sought, I do aver, by twenty beaux, and more; the 

 king himself has followed her when she has walked before. 



But now her wealth and finery fled, her hangers-on cut short all ; 

 her doctors found, when she was dead her last disorder mortal. 



Let us lament, in sorrow sore ; for Kent Street well may say, that 

 Iiad she lived a twelvemonth more she had not died to-day. 



57. The dash is sometimes used with other pauses to lengthen 

 them. 



Examples. 



God, whom you see me daily worship, whom I daily call upon to 

 bless both you and me and all mankind ; whose wondrous acts are 

 recorded in those Scriptures which you constantly read, God, who 

 created the heavens and the earth ; who appointed his Son Jesus 

 Christ to redeem mankind : God, who has done all these great things, 

 who has created so many millions of men, with whom the spirits of the 

 good will live and be happy for ever ; this great God, tho Creator of 

 worlds, of angels, aad of men, is- your Father and Friend. 



It is not, therefore, the use of the innocent amusements of life 

 which is dangerous, but the abuse of thorn ; it is not when they are 

 occasionally, but when they are constantly pursued ; when the love of 

 amusement degenerates into a passion ; and when, from being an occa- 

 sional indulgence, it becomes an habitual desire. 



In every pursuit, whatever gives strength and energy to the mind 

 of man, experience teaches to be favourable to the interests of piety, 

 of knowledge, and of virtue ; in every pursuit, on tho contrary, 

 whatever enfeebles or limits the powers of the mind, the samo 

 experience ever shows to be hostile to the best interests of human 

 nature 



'From the first hour of existence to the last, from the cradle of the 

 infant, beside which the mother watches with unslumbering eye, to 

 the grave of the aged, where the son pours his bitterest tears upon the 

 bier of his father, in all that intermediate time, every day calls for 

 exertion and activity, and moral honours can only be won by the 

 steadfast magnanimity of pious duty. 



They say they have bought it. Bought it ! Yes ; of whom ? Of 

 the poor trembling natives, who knew that refusal would be vain-; and 

 who stvove to make a merit of necessity, by seeming to yield with 

 grace, what they knew they had not the power to retain. 



It is not the lifeless mass of matter, he will then feel, that he is 

 examining, it is the mighty machine of Eternal Wisdom : the work- 

 manship of Him, in whom everything lives, and moves, and has its 

 being. 



When suffering the inconveniences of the ruder parts of the year, 

 we may be tempted to wonder why this rotation is necessary ; why 

 we could not be constantly gratified with vernal bloom and fragrance, 

 or summer beauty and profusion. 



Then a spirit passed before my face ; the hair of my flesh stood up : 

 it stood still, but I could not discern the form thereof : an image was 

 before mine eyes : There was silence, and I heard a voice Shall 

 mortal man be more just than God ? 



58. Tho dash is sometimes to be read as a note of inter- 

 rogation. 



Examples. 



Is it not enough to see our friends die, and part with them for the 

 remainder of our days to reflect that we shall hear their voices no 

 more, and that they will never look on us again- to see that turning 

 to corruption, which was but just now alive, and eloquent, and beauti- 

 ful with all the sensations of the soul ? 



He hears the ravens cry ; and shall he not hear, and will he not 

 avenge, the wrongs that his nobler animals suffer wrongs that cry out 

 against man from youth to age, in the city and in the field, by the way 

 and by the fireside ? 



Can we view their bloody edicts against us their hanging, heading, 

 hounding, and hunting down an ancient and honourable same 

 as deserving better treatment than that which enemies give to 

 enemies ? 



Are these the pompous tidings ye proclaim, lights of the world, and 

 derni-gods of fame ? Is this your triumph this your proud applause, 

 children of truth, and champions of her cause ? 



Was there ever a bolder captain of a more valiant band ? "Was there 

 ever but I scorn to boast. 



And what if thou shalt fall tmnoticed by the living and no friend 

 take note of thy departure ? 



Seest thou yon lonely cottage in the grove with little garden 

 neatly planned before its roof deep-shaded by the elms above, nioss- 

 grown, and decked with velvet verdure o'er ? 



What shall we call them ? piles of crystal light a glorious company 

 of golden streams lamps of celestial ether burning bright suns 

 lighting systems with their joyous beams. 



59. The dash is sometimes to be read like a note of 

 exclamation. 



Examples. 



What dreadful pleasure ! there to stand sublime, like shipwrecked 

 mariner on desert coast, and see the enormous waste of vapour, 

 tossed in billows lengthening .to the horizon round, now scooped in 

 gulfs, with mountains now embossed and hear the voice of mirth 

 and song rebound, flocks, herds, and waterfalls, along the hoar 

 profound ! 



The chain of being is complete in me ; in me is matter's last grada- 

 tion lost, arid the next step is spirit Deity ! I can command the 

 lightning, and am dust ! 



Above me are the Alps, the palaces of Nature, whose vast walls have 



