-MNS IN' DRAWING. 



199 



::CIHK 31. 

 1 Find tho diflforenoo in the following pairs of doeimak : 



md -799W. 

 3. 450-05 W I 



. 



Jl-87 and -ftc 

 oSSHOl an.l 

 7. 100-530 ui, 



9. 1 in 

 10. 10 and -000001. 



and -0000001. 

 n. Band -MM* 



iv i..;', ..ui ;... i. 



,0050 and W393. 

 17. 702784 and 29-84384. 



-W001 and -ooul. 

 19. -0000004 and '00004. 



.-i. j.'iMi.i OHM. 



21. 24681 find -87083. 



22. 25 and -25. 



23. -00045 and 45. 



24. -00000099 and 99. 



2. Subtract tho leas from the greater of tho fallowing 

 numbers : 



1. 7 hundred and 7 hunJrodths. 



In and -10 thousandths. 



3. 95 thousandths aud 909 ten thousandths. 

 V 1 billionth :ml 1 trilUonth. 

 5. 1 thousandth and 1 millionth. 



liOHsandths. 



'nillions and 250 thousandths. 

 8. 2874 milliontliH and 211 billionths. 



1 hundred thousandths and 154 inillionths. 

 8. Find tho valuo of 3-1-203 - '0049 -f -175 - 17'5. 

 4. Find tho value of 356'001 - 219-123 - -0303 + 1-00007. 



ESSAYS ON LIFE AND DUTY. II. 



THERE is a sense of accountability in every human breast. 

 Savage and civilised races alike manifest its existence. The 

 degree of its intensity, as a power, may differ, but it is aa much 

 an integral part of the moral nature of man, as the eye and 

 the ear are parts of his physical economy. All injustice is 

 contrary to our moral sense. It may be indulged to gratify 

 passion, pride, ambition, covetousneas ; but it is condemned 

 by the high court of judicature within, and sooner or later 

 injustice brings its terrible penalty with it. Naboth's vine- 

 yard may be unjustly secured by covetous pillage, but neither 

 the groves nor the grapes can minister lasting happiness : the 

 gnawing sense of wrong will be awakened. That which a 

 man sows he if. sure to reap. This fine and delicate sense, 

 it is admitted, may bo dimmed by ignorance, darkened by 

 superstition, and sometimes, by long neglect, it may but slumber 

 in the breast ; but it never dies out. All nations havo more or 

 less honoured the God-given sentiment of justice. Tho Greeks 

 had their Justitia, called Astraea and Themis ; tho Romans had 

 a goddess, which was at one time an abstraction rather than a 

 deity possessing personality. The coins, however, that have 

 been preserved, represent Justice as a maiden wearing a diadem, 

 holding a sword and scales. Sometimes sho is represented as 

 holding in tho one hand a cup, and in the other a sceptre. Nor 

 can we forget that in the earlier ages of history, three years 

 before Xerxes invaded Greece, the Athenians hastened to call to 

 their political councils, and to tho command of their armies, one 

 who had before received the memorable cognomen of Aristides 

 tho Just. It need scarcely be said that the Scriptures also are 

 full of honours paid to tho just. 



Nothing is so mean as injustice. Lacking tho element of 

 justice in character, no other qualification will be of much 

 avail. Generosity is only a misnomer where justice is set at 

 nought. If we give prodigally to some whilst we are defrauding 

 others, wo are not generous but merciless. Injustice, however, 

 does not merely relate to our dealings in material commodities, 

 it appertains to our estimates of each other, to our expressions 

 concerning each other, and to all the aspects of our common 

 life. We may do the very greatest injustice to others even 

 by the suppressio vcri, or the mere keeping back of truth con- 

 cerning them. Justice is of immense importance to nations. 

 The preservation of treaties, the payment of bonds and interests 

 on national loans is of the highest moment to the reputation 

 of any people, and tho infraction of just principles is sure to 

 work out national punishment in tho loss of credit and prestige. 

 As it is with nations, so it is with individuals. Men como to 

 Bhrink with disdain from the wilfully unjust, and the old 



proverb reoeirM it* fulfilment in human history, " When God 

 loathe* aught, men ooino presently to loathe it 



the administration of the law U a glory to any 

 people. It U well known that in tho degenerate day* of Borne 

 ! -nit were in the guilty habit of receiving bribe*, ami it 

 is neediest to 4&y that at thin period the national character 

 had degenerated, when other things beside the ermine of 

 justice were dragged in the dirt English law is above BUS- 

 picion for purity and honour in ita administration. Trial by 

 jury answers to a very large extent the high ends of justice, 

 whilst the Courts of Equity, now so much moro used than in 

 olden days, save the caiwe of troth from being lout by men 

 legal quibbles and technicalities. 



Justice in commercial life in the very cement of society. When 

 it is infringed upon by wrong-doing, depression settles down on 

 trade and commerce, and for thin single reason, that in civilised 

 states of society all bartering and exchanging is carried on upon 

 credit, which is only another word for confidence ; if, therefore, 

 that be damaged, it is easy to see how all the interests of the 

 nation must Buffer with it Then only are we safe from paltry 

 jobbery and trickery, when we can honestly say, " I hate op- 

 pression and robbery." 



We are not to be just only because it will be rewarde 1 

 and hereafter : we are t > do right because it is right. At the 

 same time we cannot conceal from ourselves the fact that in the 

 system of tilings in which we live there are rewards accompanying 

 an upright life such as no wealth can purchase. To be looked 

 upon as unimpeachable for integrity, and unquestionable concern- 

 ing justice, is to havo that atmosphere of respect around as which 

 can only be ensured by persistent continuance in well-doing. 



Injustice, whatever form it assumes, apart from its inner. 

 penalties, will bring coldness and suspicion with it, acu 

 lose two of the sweetest enjoyments of life the sense of an 

 approving conscience, and the good name which, we are told on 

 the highest authority, is rather to be chosen than silver er gold. 



Only quibblers ask, " What is justice ? " They try to eet 

 aside its claims by casuistical questions concerning its nature. 

 Justice is, in a word, the practice of those essentially Christian 

 maxims, doing unto others as we would they should do unto 

 us, and loving our neighbour as ourselves. Wo have treated of 

 justice first amongst the moral principles in our consideration of 

 life and duty, because we have in it the basis of national, as it 

 is of individual, prosperity and honour. Above all, let ns re- 

 member that it is this faculty in the moral sense which, whilst 

 it ensures for us tho favour of man, keeps ns also in the fear 

 of God. 



LESSONS IN DRAWING. VIL 



To draw Fig. 51, proceed as follows : draw the horizontal liu% 

 H L, arrange the P s, and place the point a where the corner of 

 the wall crosses the horizontal line ; next, the points d and 

 the perpendiculars passing through them. As the arch is semi- 

 circular, its centre will bo at h, perpendicular to t, found by the 

 intersection of the diagonal lines / k and b m; the point h is then 

 the radiating point for the points of the stones forming the 

 arch. If the arch were lower, as Fig. 52, draw the chord 06; 

 from the centre d mark the required height c J, draw c o and 

 c b, bisect a c and c 6 by the lines fe and g e, a will then bo the 

 centre of tho circle of which a e b is a segment; the lines 

 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., will radiate at e. To bisect a line, as f 6 in Fig. 

 52, from c and b, with the same distance in the compasses make 

 arcs to cut one another in p and s ; through these points p and 

 draw a straight line, which will bisect the line c 6, that is, it will 

 divide it into two equal parts. 



It will be seen that the heights of many kinds of arches are 

 regulated by their diameters ; the two pointed arches, Figs. 53 

 and 54, will exemplify this. Let the diameter of the pointed 

 horse-shoe arch, Fig. 53, be a 6, bisect it in t, and draw to any 

 length e /; bisect a e in c, and e b in d ; from c, with the radios 

 c 6 (or distance of c b taken with tho compasses), describe the arc 

 b j; also from d, with the same radius, describe the arc a/. Tho 

 higher-pointed arch, called the early English, Fig. 54, radiates 

 from a and b, with the distance a b producing the arcs a d and b d. 



The scmi-eUiptical airJi, Fig. 55. Let a b be the diameter -, 

 bisect a b in e by tho line c d ; bisect b and e a in the points 

 / and g ; from /, with the radius /<7, draw the arc g h, and from 

 g, with the same radius, draw the aro fh; draw from h, through 



