210 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR. 



BOB Bisect the angle B c E by the method shown in 

 Problem VI. (page 191). Each of its halves is an angle of 15 

 degrees, and the angle formed by the angle ACE and the half 

 of B C E must necessarily be an angle of 45 degrees. 



To describe or draw an equilateral triangle, whose sides shall 

 be of a given length, it is manifestly only necessary to set off 

 A B of the length required, and then to proceed to form the 

 triangle by the mode of construction given above. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. XIII. 



SECTION XXIV. CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 



S) urf c n expresses a possibility dependent upon the will of another, 

 or upon a law, as : 3d) barf btefc JShimcn nid;t pflucfen, I cannot (I 

 am not allowed, permitted to) pluck these flowers. 3)cr JBaucr 

 barf ntcfjt ftfd;cn, the peasant is not allowed (by law) to fish. 3d; 

 barf bicfe gviid;tc cffcn, a&cv id; fann ftc nicfjt crrcidjcn, I can (have the 

 right to) eat these fruits, but I cannot obtain (get at) them. 

 ( 83. 1. 2.) 



CONJUGATION OF THE PRESENT AND IMPEKFECT OF kUtfctt. 



Singular. 



3d; barf, I am permitted ; 

 <Du barfft, thou art permitted 

 (Sr barf, he is permitted ; 



Plural. 



hnr tiivfcn, we are permitted. 

 il;r biirfct, you are permitted, 

 fie biirfcn, they are permitted. 



IMPERFECT. 



3d; burfte, I was permitted ; loir burftcn, we were permitted. 



2)u burfteft, thou wast permitted; ttyt burftct, you were permitted. 

 @t burfte, he was permitted ; fie buvftcn, they were permitted. 



1. .ffonnen corresponds in the present and imperfect to the 

 English " can," as : 2)er Stfd; fann fdjnninmcn, the fish can swim. 

 <r fcnnte ntdjt lefcn, he could not read. 



.Riinnen also answers sometimes to "may," as: 3)a3 fann fein, 

 that may be. d'r fann fd;on ba fein, he may be already there. & 

 lann regncn, it may rain. ( 83. 1. 3.) 



CONJUGATION OF THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT OF fcntten. 



Singular. 



3d; fann, I can ; 



S)u fannft, thou canst ; 



@r fann, he can ; 



PRESENT. 



Plural. 



nnr fonncn, we can. 

 ifyr fonnt, you can. 

 ftc fonncn, they can. 



IMPERFECT. 



3d; Tcnntc, I could ; hnr fenntcn, we could. 



2>u fennteft, thou couldst; tljr fonntct, you could. 



@r fonntc, he could ; ftc f cmntcn, they could. 



2. 5Kogcn expresses a possibility dependent on the will of the 

 Btibject or the speaker, as : (Sr mag gekn, he can (may, is at 

 liberty to) go. @tc mogcn geljen, you may (have permission to) 

 go. 3d; mag ifm mcfjt fcficn, I do not wish to see him. 2>a3 mag irf; 

 ntdjt glauccn, I do not like to believe that. ( 83. 4.) 



3. aJlogen, like "may," denotes a concession on the part of the 

 speaker, as : r mag cin trcncr <y remit fein, he may be a true friend. 

 @ie mogcn eg gcti)an fyaocn, they may have done it. ( 83. 4.) 



CONJUGATION OF THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT OF mijgctl. 

 PRESENT. 



Singular. . Plural. 



3d; mag, I may or am allowed ; tetr mogcn, we may or are al- 

 lowed. 



JDu magft, thou mayst cw art al- tfjr mogct, you may or are al- 

 lowed ; lowed. 



* mag, he may or is allowed ; fie mogen, they may or are al- 

 lowed. 



IMPERFECT. 



3d; morf;tc, I was allowed ; h)ir molten, we were allowed. 



3>u morftfcft, thou wast allowed ; tfa mocfytet, you were allowed. 

 Gr modf;te, he was allowed ; fie molten, they were allowed. 



4. SWuffen in those tenses in which its English equivalent 

 "must" is defective, is to be rendered by "to be obliged, forced, 

 compelled," etc., as : @r mujjtc cS tljitn, he was obliged to do it. 

 See complete conjugation, 83. 5. 



CONJUGATION OF THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT OF 



Singular. 



3d; rnitp, I must ; 

 >u mujit, thou must ; 

 (5v mup, he must ; 



PRESENT. 



Plural. 



nnt miiffcn, we must. 

 il;r miijit, you must. 

 fie miiffcn, they must. 



IMPERFECT. ' 



3d; mupte, I was obliged ; nnr muf ten, we were obliged. 



5)u muptcft, thou wast obliged; tfyt ,mnptet, you were obliged. 

 (5r mnf tc, he was obliged ; fie muf ten, they were obliged. 



5. < oil en indicates necessity, dependent upon the will of 

 another person ; thus corresponding in signification with the- 

 second and third persons of our word "shall," as: !!>u foflfi fier&cn, 

 thou shalt die. Sr futt eS tfyun, he shall do it. @ie folltcn t;ier blctbcn, 

 you should (ought to) remain here. SBenn er fommen fodte, if he 

 should come. ( 83. 6.) 



CONJUGATION OF THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT OF 



Singular. 



3d; fofl, I shall ; 

 5)tt fottft, thou shalt ; 

 <r fed, he shall ; 



Plural. 



urir fodcn, we shall. 

 tf)r fottct, you shall. 

 fte foUcn, they shall. 



IMPERFECT. 



3d; foHte, I should ; toir fofttcn, we should. 



S)u fclltcfl, thou shouldst ; il;r foUtct, you should. 



@r fottte, he should ; ftc fofltcn, they should. 



6. SBollcn expresses a desire, but not a positive intention,,. 

 and is rendered by "to wish," as: 2Ba3 hnfl er? What does h& 

 wish ? 2Ba8 \vitt er tfyun ? What does he wish to do ? 



The imperfect often answers to our " was going," when ex- 

 pressive of purpose, as: 3d; >collte fagcn, I was going to say.. 

 ( 83. 8.) 



CONJUGATION OF THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT OF hJoHcit, 

 WITH AN ACTIVE VERB. 



PRESENT. 



Singular. Plural. 



3d; trntl gcfien, I wish to go ; toir hjcftcn gcfcn, we wish to go. 



!Tu njtrtjl gcf)cn, thou wishest to t^r lucftct gefjcn, you wish to go. 



go; 



(Sr njtH gef;cn, he wishes to go : ftc hjcttcn gcf;cn, they wish to go. 



IMPERFECT. 



3d; ftclltc gcf)cn, I wished to go ; vmr ftjottten gc^en, we wished to go. 

 Su ftotttcfl gc^en, thou wishedst iBr njoHtct gcficn, you wished to- 



to go ; go. 



@r wcdte gcf;en, he wished to go; fte toefften gctyen, they wished to 



go. 



7. The perfect and pluperfect tenses of these verbs, .as also of 

 taffen, to permit, to cause, is formed by means of the infinitive, 

 instead of the participle ( 74. 3), as : 



r Ijat md;t gel;en fonncn. He has not been able to go. 



28iv tyafccn nic fd)te^en burfcn. We have never been allowed to- 



shoot. 



3d; ^ate eS nid;t t^un mogcn. I have not wished to do it. 



@tc I;aben fdf;rei6en miiffcn. They have been obliged to write. 



te ficitte (efcn fcttcn. She ought to have read. 



<Stc ^afccn ntd;t avbciten tocttcn. You have not been willing to- 



work. 

 3f;r ijatt if;n md;t gcT;cn taffen. You kave not caused him to go 



(have not sent him). 



8. In the future, therefore, these verbs (except in the tens& 

 auxiliaries) are, in form, like the perfect. Compare the follow- 

 ing examples : 



3cf> tocrtc rebcn biirfen. I shall ie allowed to speak. 



3d; ^afcc rcben biirfen. I have^been allowed to speak. 



>u toitft t^n fet;en fonncn. You will be able to see him. 



u fiaft ifm fef;cn fonncn. Thou hast been able to see Mm. 



@r h)irb btcifcen mogen. He will wish to remain. 



(Jr I;at blctben mogcn. He has wished to remain. 



9. The phrase, 2Bte ict It^r ijl cS ? like the corresponding one 

 in English, is abbreviated ; the full form being Sie oiet auf fcec 



