214 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOE. 



parts of the tone are repeated, so that it is not so long as it 

 looks. If you find the " second " part of the tune low for your 

 voice, pitch the key-note a little higher. Be careful to point on 

 the modulator from memory. Remember that every tune, thus 

 thoroughly learnt, becomes a power by which others will be 

 more easily mastered. You need not attempt the words yet. 

 When you do, let those printed in CAPITALS be sung with 

 increased force and loudness of voice, and those in italics with in- 

 creased softness. [The square note is used to indicate the place 

 of DOH at the beginning of the staff, but it is not to be sung. 

 The place of DOH, being thus once marked, is not afterwards 

 indicated by a square note as in previous exercises. The pupil 

 must learn to keep the place of DOH in his mind. The notes 

 with a tail to the stem are to be sung half as long as those 

 without the tail.] 



LESSONS IN FRENCH. XIY. 



SECTION I. FBENCH PBONUNCIATION (continued). 

 vi. DIPHTHONGS (continued). 



TJA. Name, ivah. Sound : this diphthong hag the com- 

 bined sound of the French u, together with that of a in the 

 English word fat, unless the latter be under a circumflex accent ; 

 in which last case the a has the sound of a in the English 

 word mark. 



FRENCH. PRONUN. ENGLISH. 

 ficuage Ay-kuazh Scutage (in 

 fewdallaw). 



Empuan- Anh-puanh- To infect. 

 ter tay 



FKENCH. PRONUN. 



Guano Gua-no 

 Uar 

 Nuazh 



Huard 



Nuage 

 Puant 



Puanli 



ENGLISH. 

 Guano. 

 Sea-eagle. 

 Cloud. 

 Offensive. 



Sometimes this diphthong has the sound of a in the English 

 word fat, viz. : 



Aiguaue 



Ay-gad 



A watering-place. 



To an Englishman, at least, the sound of a w is naturally 

 suggested in the pronunciation of this diphthong. 



We might illustrate its sound by the use of a w in the above 

 words, viz. : 



Ecuage Ay-k'wazh 



Empuanter Aiih-p'wanh-tay. 

 Guano Gwa-no 



Huard 

 Nuage 

 Puaiit 



War. 



N'wazh. 



P'wanh. 



This last illustration, however, is not strictly correct, because 

 it does not preserve the distinct sound of the French u, which 

 sound, especially in combination, many Frenchmen themselves 

 are not careful to preserve. In common conversation, this 

 diphthong sounds like an English w. 



In French words commencing with qua, the diphthong Tta has 

 two different sounds. In some the sound of ua would be illus- 

 trated by the letters koua or k'wa, but in others by ka, viz. : 

 . Quadrangle is pronounced kouah-dranh-gl' , or k'wah-dranh-gl. 



Quadrature, a geometrical phrase, is pronounced kouah-dra- 

 ture, or k'wah-dra-ture. But the same word, used as a term of 

 horology, is pronounced Tiah-dra-ture. 



Quai, a wharf, is pronounced hay. 



Quaiclie, a naval term, meaning a ketch, is pronounced Icaish. 



Until the learner has become really familiar with the French 

 language, the surest way to be correct in the use and pronun- 

 ciation of words commencing with qua, will be to consult a 

 dictionary. 



UE. Name, we. Sound : this diphthong occurs most fre- 

 quently as ike final letters of French words, after the consonants 

 q and q, in which cases both are silent. 



When final, and before other consonants, they have the usual 

 sound of the French u. 



UI. Name, we. Sound : this diphthong has the combined 

 sound of the French u, together with that of French i, which 

 latter is like the letters ee in the English word bee. 



FKENCH. PRONTO. ENGLISH. 

 Appui Ap-puiorA-pwee Support. 

 Conduite Konli-d'weet Tube. 

 Huit Ueet or Weet Eight. 

 Lui Luee or L'wee Him. 



Nuit Nuee or N'wee Night. 



FRENCH. PRONTJN. ENGLISH. 

 Oui Ooee or Wee Fes. 



Puissance P'wee-sanhs Power. 

 Kuine Eueen or Ruin. 



B'ween 



(trill the r) 



69. The ten diphthongal combinations of three successive 



vowels, in the same word, are thus divided, to show their pro- 

 nunciation : 



iau 

 ieu 

 oua 

 cue 



i-ai 



i-au 



i-eu 



ou-a 



ou-e 



ea. 



eo. 



euh.* 



ooah or wah. 



ooay. 



oui 

 uai 

 uei 

 uie 



ou-i 

 u-ai 

 u-ei 

 u-ie 

 u-eu 



ooe or wee. 



ua or wa. 



ua. 



uee or wee. 



nub*. 



70. Diphthongs of four successive vowels in the same word are 

 thus divided for pronunciation : 



ouai 

 oueu 

 ou^e 



ou-ai 

 ou-eu 

 ou-6 



oo-a. 



oouli.* 



ooay. 



VII. NASAL VOWEL SOUNDS. 



71. The sound of am and an, em and en, im and in, is repre- 

 sented by the letters anh, and is like the sound of the letters an 

 in the English words an-chor and can-Tier, with an effort to speak 

 through the nose, as it is termed. But be particular to avoid 

 the sound of English g in all nasals. 



There is, strictly speaking, a real difference between the 

 nasal sounds of an, en, and in, but it is so slight, and so pecu- 

 liarly delicate, that scarcely any one not a native Frenchman 

 can detect and describe it intelligibly. In common reading and 

 conversation, these nasals above-mentioned have but one sound, 

 viz., that which has been assigned them in our previous Lessons. 

 It is considered correct enough for all practical purposes. 



When extraordinary nicety of pronunciation is demanded, as 

 is always the case in using the language of prayer, and in holy 

 and devotional language, the a of the nasals am and an should 

 be pronounced broader than the e or i in the nasals em, en, im, 

 and in. In the former case, let the a have the sound of aJi; in 

 the latter, the sound of a in the word fat. 



The sound of om and on is represented by the letters onh, 

 and is like the sound of the letters on in the English word con- 

 quer, uttered with an effort to speak through the nose, as it is 

 termed. 



The sound of um and un is represented by the letters urih, 

 and is like the sound of the letters un in the English word un-cle, 

 uttered with an effort to speak through the nose. 



Concerning these nasals, remember these two general rules, 

 viz. : 



Rule 1. Single m'a and n's followed by vowels are not 

 nasals. 



Rule 2. When the m and n are doubled, the nasality is 

 destroyed. 



Exceptions to this last Rule will appear in their prope 1 - places. 



We now proceed to illustrate these nasal sounds, commencing 

 with examples in which the sounds am and an are found. 



FRENCH. 

 Ambassade 

 Ambre 

 Chambre 



FRENCH. 



Ancetres 



Cantique 



Sans 



Quand 



AM, 



PRONUNCIATION. 

 Anh-bass-ad 

 Anhbr' 

 Shanhbr' 



AN. 



PROlTCNCIATIOir. 



Anh-saytr' 

 Kanh-teek 

 Saub. 

 Kanh 



ENGLISH. 

 Embassy. 

 Amber. 

 Chamber. 



ENGLISH. 



Ancestors. 



Song. 



Without. 



When. 



Aim, ain, and ein have each the nasal sound of an, repre- 

 sented by anh. The reason will be obvious, if we but dissect 

 these combinations, which we now proceed to do, viz. : 



In the first, aim, ai is equivalent in sound to a only ; hence, 

 substituting a for ai in the combination aim, we have simply 

 am, whose sound has been explained. 



In the second, ain, its sound is represented by anh, for the 

 same reason. 



In the third, ein, ci is equivalent only to a in sound ; hence, 

 substituting a in the place of ei in the combination ein, we have 

 an, whose sound is represented by anh. 



Again, ean and oan have each the aasal sound represented l(y 

 the letters anh. 



Aen in the proper name Caen have also the sound of om, 

 represented by the letters anh; hence the word Caen is pro- 

 nounced Kanh. 



The following will afford good examples in illustration of the 

 nasal vowel sounds em and en : 



* Like the sound of e mute. 



